Download PDF
Endoscopy 2000; 32(4): 331-344
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-7382
Review
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ·New York

Minimally Invasive Surgery: Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic and Foregut

A. Cuschieri
  • Dept. of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
31 December 2000 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

This review is confined to the liver, biliary tract, pancreas, and foregut (oesophagus and stomach). The issues relating to laparoscopic cholecystectomy mainly concern the bile duct injuries associated with this operation. This review provides some evidence that although the risk for this iatrogenic injury is declining, it continues to be a problem and is accompanied by significant morbidity, mortality, and a huge escalation in care costs. Laparoscopic clearance of ductal stones is undoubtedly safe and effective, and issues have now focused on comparisons between this form of management and orthodox endoscopic clearance. Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy may well replace other forms of treatment of achalasia, including balloon dilation and botulinum toxin injection. As the results of laparoscopic antireflux surgery have been so good in the medium term, the question of medical versus laparoscopic treatment is being addressed by two randomized clinical trials. Gastric resection is established only in respect of excision of mesenchymal tumours. Gastric surgery for advanced gastric cancer must still be regarded as developmental. Laparoscopic liver resections and in situ ablation are still confined to developing centres, but the early results are promising. However, simpler hepatic procedures, such as de-roofing of symptomatic simple hepatic cysts, are well established and in widespread practice. Only a few centres have published their results on laparoscopic pancreatic surgery. The early reported outcome for internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts, enucleation of benign insulinomas, and distal pancreatic resections has been good, but the experience is limited.

References (Key References are highlighted in bold)

  • 1 Robertson A J, Rela M, Karani J, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy injury: an unusual indication for liver transplantation.  Transpl Int. 1998;  11 449-451
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Savader S J, Lillemoe K D, Prescott C A, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy-related bile duct injuries: a health and financial disaster.  Ann Surg. 1997;  225 268-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Fletcher D R, Hobbs M S, Tan P, et al. Complications of cholecystectomy: risks of the laparoscopic approach and protective effects of operative cholangiography: a population-based study.  Ann Surg. 1999;  229 449-457
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Strasberg S M, Hertl M, Soper N J. An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  J Am Coll Surg. 1995;  180 101-125
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Moore M J, Bennett C L. The learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (The Southern Surgeons Club).  Am J Surg. 1995;  170 55-59
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Fullarton G M, Bell G. Prospective audit of the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the west of Scotland (West of Scotland Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Audit Group).  Gut. 1994;  35 1121-1126
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Richardson M C, Bell G, Fullarton G M, et al. Incidence and nature of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an audit of 5913 cases (West of Scotland Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Audit Group).  Br J Surg. 1996;  83 1356-1360
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Schlumpf R, Klotz H P, Wehrli H, Herzog U. A nation's experience in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: prospective multicenter analysis of 3722 cases.  Surg Endosc. 1994;  8 35-41
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Z'graggen K, Wehrli H, Metzger A, et al. Complications of laparoscopic surgery in Switzerland: a prospective 3-year study of 10 174 patients (Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery).  Surg Endosc. 1998;  12 1303-1310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 MacFadyen B V, Vecchio R, Ricardo A E, Mathis C R. Bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the United States experience.  Surg Endosc. 1998;  12 315-321
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Russel J C, Walsh S J, Mattie A S, Lynch J T. Bile duct injuries, 1989 - 1993: a statewide experience.  Arch Surg. 1996;  131 382-388
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Adamsen S, Hansen O H, Funch-Jensen P, et al. Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective nationwide series.  J Am Coll Surg. 1997;  184 571-578
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Regoly-Merei J, Ihasz M, Szeberin Z, et al. Biliary tract complications in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a multicenter study of 148 biiary tract injuries in 26 440 operations.  Surg Endosc. 1998;  12 294-300
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Collet D. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1994: results of a prospective survey conducted by SFCERO on 4624 cases (Société Française de Chirurgie Endoscopique et Radiologie Operatoire).  Surg Endosc. 1997;  11 56-63
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Dufresne M P, Lafortune M, et al. Iatrogenic injury to the bile duct: a working classification for radiologists.  Radiology. 1994;  193 523-526
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Olsen D. Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Surg Endosc. 1997;  11 133-138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Martin R F, Rossi R L. Bile duct injuries: spectrum, mechanism of injury, and their prevention.  Surg Clin North Am. 1994;  74 781-803
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Walsh R M, Henderson J M, Vogt D P, et al. Trends in bile duct injuries from laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  J Gastrointest Surg. 1998;  2 458-462
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Rossi R L, Schirmer W J, Braasch J W, et al. Laparoscopic bile duct injuries: risk factors, recognition, and repair.  Arch Surg. 1992;  127 596-601
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Stewart L, Way L W. Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: factors that influence the results of treatment.  Arch Surg. 1995;  130 1123-1128
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Schol F P, Go P M, Gouma D J. Outcome of 49 repairs of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  World J Surg. 1995;  19 753-756
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Moossa A R, Easter D W, Van Sonnenberg E, et al. Laparoscopic injuries to the bile duct: a cause for concern.  Ann Surg. 1992;  215 203-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Davidoff A M, Pappas T N, Murray E A, et al. Mechanisms of major biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Ann Surg. 1992;  215 196-202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Gupta N, Solomon H, Fairchild R, Kaminski D L. Management and outcome of patients with combined bile duct and hepatic artery injuries.  Arch Surg. 1998;  133 176-181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Hunter J G. Avoidance of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Am J Surg. 1991;  3 161-171
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Targarona E M, Marco C, Balague C, et al. How, when, and why bile duct injury occurs: a comparison between open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Surg Endosc. 1998;  12 322-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Kullman E, Borch K, Lindstrom E, et al. Value of routine intraoperative cholangiography in detecting aberrant bile ducts and bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Br J Surg. 1996;  83 171-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Wysocki A, Bobrzynski A, Krzywon J, Budzynski A. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and gallbladder cancer.  Surg Endosc. 1999;  13 899-901
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Kiviluoto T, Siren J, Luukkonen P, Kivilaakso E. Randomized trial of laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for acute and gangrenous cholecystitis.  Lancet. 1998;  351 321-325
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Lo C M, Liu C L, Fan S T, et al. Prospective randomized study of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystitis.  Ann Surg. 1998;  227 461-467
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Lo C M, Fan S T, Liu C L, et al. Early decision for conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy for treatment of acute cholecystitis.  Am J Surg. 1997;  173 513-517
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Wilson R G, Macintyre I MC, Nixon S J, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy as a safe effective treatment for severe acute cholecystitis.  Br Med J. 1992;  305 394-396
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Sackier J M, Berci G, Phillips E, et al. The role of cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Arch Surg. 1991;  126 1021-1026
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Soper N J, Brunt L M. The case for routine operative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Surg Clin North Am. 1994;  74 953-959
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Phillips E H. Routine versus selective intraoperative cholangiography.  Am J Surg. 1993;  165 505-507
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Flowers J L, Zucker K A, Graham S M, et al. Laparoscopic cholangiography: results and indications.  Ann Surg. 1992;  215 209-216
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Cuschieri A, Shimi S, Banting S, et al. Intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: routine versus selective policy.  Surg Endosc. 1994;  8 302-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Carroll B J, Friedman R L, Liberman M A, Phillips E H. Routine cholangiography reduces sequelae of common bile duct injuries.  Surg Endosc. 1996;  10 1194-1197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Lorimer J W, Fairfull-Smith R J. Intraoperative cholangiography is not essential to avoid duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Am J Surg. 1995;  169 344-347
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Clair D G, Brooks D C. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the case for a selective approach.  Surg Clin North Am. 1994;  74 962-966
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Wright K D, Wellwood J M. Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy without operative cholangiography.  Br J Surg. 1998;  85 191-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Hawasli A. Does routine cystic duct cholangiogram during laparoscopic cholecystectomy prevent common bile duct injury?.  Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1993;  3 290-295
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Birth M, Carrol B J, Delinikolas K, et al. Recognition of laparoscopic bile duct injuries by intraoperative ultrasonography.  Surg Endosc. 1996;  10 794-797
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Goodwin H. Minimal access surgery.  J Med Def Union. 1998;  14 12-14
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Kern K A. Medicolegal perspective of laparoscopic bile duct injuries.  Surg Clin North Am. 1994;  74 979-984
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Carrol B J, Birth M, Phillips E H. Common bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy that result in litigation.  Surg Endosc. 1998;  12 310-314
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Stiegmann G V, Goff J S, Mansour A, et al. Precholecystectomy endoscopic cholangiography and stone removal is not superior to cholecystectomy, cholangiography and common duct exploration.  Am J Surg. 1992;  163 227-229
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Neuhaus H, Feussner H, Ungeheuer A, et al. Prospective evaluation of the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Endoscopy. 1992;  24 746-749
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Petelin J. Laparoscopic approach to common duct pathology.  Am J Surg. 1993;  165 487-491
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Phillips E H, Carroll B J, Pearlstein A R, et al. Laparoscopic choledochoscopy and extraction of common duct stones.  World J Surg. 1993;  17 22-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Fielding G A, O'Rourke N A. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.  Aust NZ J Surg. 1993;  63 113-115
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 DePaula A L, Hashiba K, Bafutto M. Laparoscopic management of choledocholithiasis.  Surg Endosc. 1994;  8 1399-1403
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Phillips H E, Rosenthal R J, Carroll B J, Fallas M J. Laparoscopic transcystic duct common bile duct exploration.  Surg Endosc. 1994;  8 1389-1394
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 De Paula Ahasiba K, Bafutto M, Ferrari A, Machado M. Laparoscopic antegrade sphincterotomy.  Semin Laparosc Surg. 1997;  4 45-47
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Dorman J P, Franklin M E Jr. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochostomy.  Semin Laparosc Surg. 1997;  4 34-41
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Dion Y M, Ratelle R, Morin J, et al. Common bile duct exploration: the place of laparoscopic choledochotomy.  Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1994;  6 419-424
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Ferzli G S, Massad A, Kiel T, et al. The utility of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in the treatment of choledocholithiasis.  Surg Endosc. 1994;  8 296-298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Lezoche E, Paganini A M. Single-stage laparoscopic treatment of gallstones and common bile duct stones in 120 unselected, consecutive patients.  Surg Endosc. 1995;  9 1070-1075
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Cuschieri A, Lezoche E, Morino M, et al. EAES multicenter prospective randomized trial comparing two-stage vs. single stage management of patients with gallstone disease and ductal calculi. Surg Endosc 1999 13: 952-957
    Google Scholar
  • 60 Cavina E, Franceschi M, Sidoti F, et al. Laparo-endoscopic “rendezvous”: a new technique in the choledocholithiasis treatment.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1998;  45 1430-1435
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Leese T, Neoptolomos J P, Baker A R. Cholangitis and the impact of endoscopic sphincterotomy (abstract).  Gut. 1985;  26 553
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Neoptolomos J P, London N J, James D, et al. Controlled trial of urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy versus conservative treatment for acute pancreatitis due to gallstones.  Lancet. 1988;  ii 979-983
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Fan S T, Lai E CS, Mok F PT, et al. Early treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis by endoscopic papillotomy.  N Engl J Med. 1993;  328 223-232
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Miller B M, Kozarek R A, Ryan J A, et al. Surgical versus endoscopic management of common duct stones.  Ann Surg. 1988;  207 135-138
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Neoptolomos J P, Carr-Locke D L, Fossard D L. Prospective randomised study of preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy versus surgery alone for common duct stones.  Br Med J. 1987;  294 470-474
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Rhodes M, Sussman L, Cohen L, Lewis M P. Randomised trial of laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct versus postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for common bile duct stones.  Lancet. 1998;  351 159-161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Bret P M, Reinhold C. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.  Endoscopy. 1997;  29 472-486
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Huscher C G, Napolitano C, Chiodini S, et al. Hepatic resections through the laparoscopic approach.  Ann Ital Chir. 1997;  68 791-797
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Hamy A, Paineau J, Savigny J L, Visset J. Laparoscopic hepatic surgery: report of a clinical series of 11 patients.  Int Surg. 1998;  83 33-35
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Marks J, Mouiel J, Katkhouda N, et al. Laparoscopic liver surgery: a report on 28 patients.  Surg Endosc. 1998;  12 331-334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Marvik R, Myrvold H E, Johnsen G, Roysland P. Laparoscopic ultrasonography and treatment of hepatic cysts.  Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1993;  3 172-174
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Klingler P J, Gadenstatter M, Schmid T, et al. Treatment of hepatic cysts in the era of laparoscopic surgery.  Br J Surg. 1997;  84 438-444
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Saglam A. Laparoscopic treatment of liver hydatid cysts.  Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1996;  6 16-21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Cuschieri A, Crosthwaite G, Shimi S, et al. Hepatic croytherapy for liver tumours: development and clinical evaluation of a high-efficiency multineedle probe system for open and laparoscopic use.  Surg Endosc. 1995;  9 483-489
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Buscarini L, Rossi S. Technology for radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver tumours.  Semin Laparosc Surg. 1997;  4 96-101
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Cuschieri A, Bracken J, Boni L. Initial experience with laparoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatic tumours.  Endoscopy. 1999;  31 318-321
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Germer C T, Albrecht D, Roggan A, Buhr H J. Technology for in situ ablation by laparoscopic and image-guided interstitial laser hyperthermia.  Semin Laparosc Surg. 1998;  5 195-203
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Cuschieri A, Jakimowicz J J, van Spreeuwel J. Laparoscopic distal 70 % pancreatectomy and splenectomy for chronic pancreatitis.  Ann Surg. 1996;  223 280-285
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Cuschieri A, Jakimowicz J J. Laparoscopic pancreatic resections.  Semin Laparosc Surg. 1998;  5 168-179
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Gagner M, Pomp A, Herrera M F. Early experience with laparoscopic resections of islet cell tumours.  Surgery. 1996;  120 1051-1054
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Sussman L A, Christie R, Whittle D E. Laparoscopic excision of distal pancreas including insulinoma.  Aust NZ J Surg. 1996;  66 414-416
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Salky B A, Edye M. Laparoscopic pancreatectomy.  Surg Clin North Am. 1996;  76 539-545
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Rhodes M, Nathanson L, Fielding G. Laparoscopic biliary and gastric bypass: a useful adjunct in the treatment of carcinoma of the pancreas.  Gut. 1996;  36 778-780
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Franklin M E, Balli J E. Laparoscopic choledochoenterostomy.  Semin Laparosc Surg. 1998;  5 180-184
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Scott-Conner C EH. Laparoscopic biliary bypass for inoperable pancreatic cancer.  Semin Laparosc Surg. 1998;  5 185-188
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Gerolami R, Giovannini M, Laugier R. Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts guided by endosonography.  Endoscopy. 1997;  29 106-108
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Kozarek R A. Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts.  Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1997;  7 271-283
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Trias M, Taragona E M, Balague C. Intraluminal stapled laparoscopic cystogastrostomy for treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts.  Br J Surg. 1995;  82 403
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Baca I, Klempa I, Gotzen V. Laparoskopische Pankreatocystojejunostomie ohne entero-entero-Anastomose.  Chirurg. 1994;  65 378-381
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Cuschieri A, Jakimowicz J J. Laparoscopic infracolic approach for complications of acute pancreatitis.  Semin Laparosc Surg. 1998;  5 189-194
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Shimi S, Nathanson L K, Cuschieri A. Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy for achalasia.  J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1991;  36 152-154
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Buess G, Cuschieri A, Manncke K, et al. Technique and preliminary results of laparoscopic cardiomyotomy.  Endosc Surg Allied Technol. 1993;  1 76-81
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Ancona E, Peracchia A, Zaninotto G, et al. Heller laparoscopic cardiomyotomy with antireflux anterior fundoplication (Dor) in the treatment of esophageal achalasia.  Surg Endosc. 1993;  7 459-461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Robertson G S, Lloyd D M, Wicks A C, et al. Laparoscopic Heller's cardiomyotomy without an antireflux procedure.  Br J Surg. 1995;  82 957-959
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Mitchell P C, Watson D I, Devitt P G, et al. Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy with a Dor patch for achalasia.  Can J Surg. 1995;  38 445-448
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Emmermann A, Thonke F, Zornig C. Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy in achalasia.  Zentralbl Chir. 1996;  121 303-306
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Hunter J G, Trus T L, Branum G D, Waring J P. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy and fundoplication for achalasia.  Ann Surg (discussion, 664 - 665). 1997;  225 655-664
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Kathy S, Hajdu Z, Bokor L, Bagi R. Use of harmonic scalpel at laparoscopic cardiomyotomy: a new method.  Acta Chir Hung. 1997;  36 154-155
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Kumar V, Shimi S M, Cuschieri A. Does laparoscopic cardiomyotomy require an antireflux procedure?.  Endoscopy. 1998;  30 8-11
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Da Rocha J R, Machado M A, Bove C. Laparoscopic treatment of non-advanced esophageal achalasia: technical aspects.  Arq Gastroenterol. 1998;  35 45-48
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Beckingham I J, Callanan M, Louw J A, Bornman P C. Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy for achalasia after failed balloon dilatation.  Surg Endosc. 1999;  13 493-496
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Cuschieri A, Hunter J, Wolfe B, et al. Multicentre prospective evaluation of laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery: preliminary report.  Surg Endosc. 1993;  7 505-510
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 McKernan J B, Champion J K. Laparoscopic antireflux surgery.  Am Surg. 1995;  61 530-536
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Dallemagne B, Weerts J M, Jehaes C, Markiewicz S. Causes of failure of laparoscopic anti-reflux operations.  Surg Endosc. 1996;  10 305-310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Trus T L, Laycock W S, Wo J M, et al. Laparoscopic antireflux surgery in the elderly.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;  93 351-353
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Watson D I, Jamieson G G, Pike G K, et al. Prospective double-blind trial between laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and anterior fundoplication.  Br J Surg. 1999;  86 123-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Watson D I, Jamieson G G. Antireflux surgery in the laparoscopic era.  Br J Surg. 1998;  85 1173-1184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Glise H, Hallerback B, Johannson B. Quality-of-life assessments in evaluation of laparoscopic Rosetti fundoplication.  Surg Endosc. 1995;  9 183-188
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Kamolz T, Wykypiel H Jr, Brammer T, Pointner R. Quality of life after laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery: Nissen fundoplication.  Chirurg. 1998;  69 947-950
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Cowan G S Jr. The Cancun IFSO Statement on bariatric surgeon qualifications (International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity).  Obes Surg. 1998;  8 86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Karlsson J, Sjostrom L, Sullivan M. Swedish obese subjects (SOS) - an intervention study of obesity: two-year follow-up of health-related quality of life (HRQL) and eating behavior after gastric surgery for severe obesity.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;  22 113-126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Toppino M, Morino M, Bonnet G, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for morbid obesity: preliminary results from SICE registry (Italian Society of Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery).  Obes Surg. 1999;  9 62-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Hallerback B, Glise H, Johansson B, Johnson E. Laparoscopic surgery for morbid obesity.  Eur J Surg Suppl. 1998;  582 128-131
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Chelala E, Cadiere G B, Favretti F, et al. Conversions and complications in 185 laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding cases.  Surg Endosc. 1997;  11 268-271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Szucs R A, Turner M A, Kellum J M, et al. Adjustable laparoscopic gastric band for the treatment of morbid obesity: radiologic evaluation.  Am J Roentgenol. 1998;  170 993-996
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Forestieri P, Meucci L, De Luca M, et al. Two years of practice in adjustable silicone gastric banding (Lap-band): evaluation of variations of body mass index, percentage ideal body weight and percentage excess body weight.  Obes Surg. 1998;  8 49-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Morino M, Toppino M, Garrone C TI. Disappointing long-term results of laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding.  Br J Surg. 1997;  84 868-869
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Lundell L, Ruth M, Olbe L. Vertical banded gastroplasty or gastric banding for morbid obesity: effects on gastro-oesophageal reflux.  Eur J Surg. 1997;  163 525-531
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Ovrebo K K, Hatlebakk J G, Viste A, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in morbidly obese patients treated with gastric banding or vertical banded gastroplasty.  Ann Surg. 1998;  228 51-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Branicki F J, Nathanson L K. Minimal access gastroduodenal surgery.  Aust NZ J Surg. 1994;  64 589-598
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Uyama I, Pgiwara H, Takahara T, et al. Laparoscopic and minilaparotomy Billroth I gastrectomy for gastric ulcer using an abdominal wall-lifting method.  J Laparoendosc Surg. 1994;  8 441-445
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Siu W T, Leong H T, Li M K. Laparoscopic resection of bleeding gastric polyps.  Surg Endosc. 1997;  11 283-284
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Korenaga D, Orita A, Maekawa S, et al. Pathological appearance of the stomach after endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer.  Br J Surg. 1997;  84 1563-1566
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Ohashi S. Laparoscopic intraluminal (intragastric) surgery for early gastric cancer.  Surg endosc. 1995;  9 161-171
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Yamashita Y, Maekawa T, Sakai T, Shirakusa T. Transgastrostomal endoscopic surgery for early gastric carcinoma and submucosal tumour.  Surg Endosc. 1999;  13 361-364
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Ohgami M, Kumai K, Otani Y, et al. Laparoscopic wedge resection of the stomach for early gastric cancer using a lesion-lifting method.  Dis Surg. 1994;  11 64-67
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Goh P. Laparoscopic Billroth II gastrectomy.  Semin Larparosc Surg. 1994;  1 171-181
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Ballesta-Lopez C, Bastida Vila X, Catarci M. Laparoscopic distal subtotal gastrectomy with gastric stump for gastric malignancies.  Am J Surg. 1996;  171 289-292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Goy P MY, Alponat A, Kum C K. Early international results of laparoscopic gastrectomies.  Surg Endosc. 1997;  11 650-652
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Kitano S, Iso Y, Moriyama M, Sugimacki K. Laparoscopic assisted Billroth I gastrectomy.  Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1994;  4 146-148
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Watson D I, Devitt P G, Game P A. Laparoscopic Billroth II gastrectomy for early gastric cancer.  Br J Surg. 1995;  82 661-662
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Azagra J S, Goergen M, De Simone P, Ibanez-Aguirre J. Minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer.  Surg Endosc. 1999;  13 351-357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Hayashi K, Munakata Y. Laparoscopy assisted antral gastrectomy with regional lymph node dissection.  Surg Endosc. 1997;  11 502
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Aogi K, Hirai T, Mukaida H, et al. Laparoscopic resection of submucosal gastric tumours.  Surg Today (Jpn J Surg). 1999;  29 102-106
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Barrat C, Champault G, Pateron D, et al. Laparoscopic resection of gastric conjunctive tumor: à propos of 2 cases.  J Chir Paris. 1997;  134 442-443
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Buyske J, McDonald M, Fernandez C, et al. Minimally invasive management of low-grade and benign gastric tumors.  Surg Endosc. 1997;  11 1084-1087
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Dempsey D T, Kelberman I A, Dabezies M A. Laparoscopic resection of gastric leiomyosarcoma.  J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech. 1997;  7 357-362
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Di Lorenzo N, Sica G S, Gaspari A L. Laparoscopic resection of gastric leiomyoblastoma.  Surg Endosc. 1996;  10 662-665
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Katai H, Sasako M, Sano T, Maruyama K. Surgical treatment of gastric leiomyosarcoma.  Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1998;  87 293-296
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Llorente J. Laparoscopic gastric resection for gastric leiomyoma.  Surg Endosc. 1994;  8 887-889
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Motson R W, Fisher P W, Dawson J W. Laparoscopic resection of a benign intragastric stromal tumour.  Br J Surg. 1995;  82 1670
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Otani Y, Ohgami M, Kubota T, et al. Surgical management of gastric leiomyosarcoma: evaluation of the propriety of laparoscopic wedge resection.  World J Surg. 1997;  21 440-443
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Payne W G, Murphy C G, Grossbard L J. Combined laparoscopic and endoscopic approach to resection of gastric leiomyoma.  J Laparoendosc Surg. 1995;  5 119-122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Spinelli P, Cerrai F G, Cambareri A R, et al. Two-step endoscopic resection of gastric leiomyoma.  Surg Endosc. 1993;  7 90-92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Watson D I, Game P A, Devitt P G. Laparoscopic resection of benign tumours of the posterior gastric wall.  Surg Endosc. 1996;  10 540-541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Yoshida M, Otani Y, Ohgami M, et al. Surgical management of gastric leiomyosarcoma: evaluation of the propriety of laparoscopic wedge resection.  World J Surg. 1997;  21 440-443
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Southern Surgeons' Club Study Group. Handoscopic surgery: a prospective multicenter trial of a minimally invasive technique for complex abdominal surgery.  Arch Surg. 1999;  134 477-485
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Bove T, Delvaux G, Van Eijkelenburg P, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted surgery of the spleen: clinical experience in expanding indications.  J Laparoendosc Surg. 1996;  6 213-217
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 O'Reilly M J, Saye W B, Mullins S G, et al. Technique of hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery.  J Laparoendosc Surg. 1996;  6 239-244
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Memon M A, Fitzgibbons R J Jr. Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS): a useful technique for complex laparoscopic abdominal procedures.  J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 1998;  8 143-150
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Naitoh T, Gagner M, Garcia Ruiz A, et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic digestive surgery provides safety and tactile sensation for malignancy or obesity.  Surg Endosc. 1999;  13 157-160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Watson D I, Davies N, Jamieson G G. Total endoscopic Ivor Lewis esophagectomy.  Surg Endosc. 1999;  13 293-297
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

F.R.S.E. F.R.C.S. Ch.M. M.D. Sir Alfred Cuschieri

Dept. of Surgery Ninewells Hospital and Medical School University of Dundee

Dundee DD1 9SY

Scotland

United Kingdom

Phone: + 44-01382-641795

Email: a.cuschieri@dundee.ac.uk

      >