Zusammenfassung.
Die multimodale Therapie des Analkarzinoms mit Radiotherapie in Kombination mit kontinuierlicher
Gabe von Fluorouracil in der ersten und fünften Behandlungswoche und Mitomycin führt
zu einer hohen lokalen Tumorkontrolle mit Erhalt des analen Sphinkterapparates bei
einem Großteil der Patienten. Früh- und Spättoxizität sind akzeptabel, bei einzelnen
Patienten kann es jedoch zu einer lebensbedrohlichen neutropenischen Sepsis kommen.
Hier spielt wahrscheinlich ein Defekt der Dipiridamoldehydrogenase eine Rolle. Für
T1- und kleinere T2-Tumoren ist die Notwendigkeit der Chemotherapie nicht eindeutig
gesichert, für die Patienten der Intergroup-Studie fand sich hier kein signifikanter
Vorteil für die zusätzliche Behandlung mit Mitomycin. Bei fortgeschrittenen Tumoren,
die auf Grund von lokalen Komplikationen eine Operation erfordern, sollte zunächst
nur ein doppelläufiges Stoma angelegt werden und die definitive Rektumexstirpation,
wenn erforderlich, erst nach kombinierter Radiochemotherapie erfolgen. Bei Tumorpersistenz
oder lokalem Rezidiv ist es nach kombinierter Radiochemotherapie möglich, Patienten
durch eine abdominoperineale Rektumexstirpation zu sanieren (R0-Resektion). Da die
meisten Rezidive innerhalb der ersten beiden Jahre nach Primärtherapie auftreten,
ist eine engmachige klinische Kontrolle dieser Patienten durch in dieser Therapie
erfahrene Untersucher notwendig, um den Zeitpunkt für eine kurative Behandlung nicht
zu versäumen.
Combined modality treatment of anal cancer.
Recently three randomized studies have confirmed the standard treatment of epidermoid
cancer of the anal canal. It consists of radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy
with continuous Fluorouracil during the first and fifth week and Mitomycin at least
during the first week. The EORTC and the UKCCCR trials compared radiotherapy alone
at a dose of 45 Gy within 5 weeks and a boost of 15 to 20 Gy after a rest period of
six weeks to the same radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy during the first
radiotherapy sequence using continuous Fluorouracil 750 mg/m2/day day 1 - 5 and 29 - 33 and Mitomycin 12 to 15 mg day 1. Both trials showed a significant
gain in local control and colostomy free survival but no significant difference in
overall survival. For the UKCCCR trial death due to tumor was significantly reduced.
Early toxicity increased in the combined arm with treatment related death in a few
patients. There was no increase in late toxicity. The RTOG/ECOC trial demonstrated
the effectivity of Mitomycin in this treatment combination. Comparing radiochemotherapy
with Fluorouracil alone to an experimental arm applying Fluorouracil and Mitomycin
a significant difference in colostomy free survival for the Mitomycin containing regimen
was observed. There was a trend for survival benefit in favour of Mitomycin and less
deaths attributed to tumor progression. After a treatment dose of 45 Gy in node negative
patients and 50.4 Gy in node positive patients a salvage with additional radiotherapy
of 9 Gy with concomitant continuous Fluororuracil and DDP 100 mg/m2 day 2 was possible in half of the patients. Some of the remaining open questions
are adressed in ongoing studies.
Schlüsselwörter:
Analkarzinom - - multimodale Therapie - - Strahlentherapie - - Chemotherapie
Key words:
Anal cancer - - combined modality treatment - - radiotherapy - - Chemotherapy
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Dr. med. Felicitas Roelofsen
Chirurgische Klinik Abteilung für Allgemein- und Visceralchirurgie Ev. Bethesda Krankenhaus
Bocholder Str. 11 - 13
45355 Essen