Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: In den letzten Jahren hat sich ein Paradigmenwechsel bei der Bewertung von medizinischen
Behandlungsverfahren vollzogen. Der Begriff Lebensqualität (LQ) hat dabei insbesondere
im Bereich onkologischer Erkrankungen eine zentrale Stellung erlangt und durch zahlreiche
Studien in den letzten Jahren zu diesem Thema eine echte „Hausse” ausgelöst. Ein umfassendes
Qualitätsmanagement könnte zum einen die immer knapper werdenden Ressourcen auffangen
und zum anderen die notwendigen Optimierungen von Strukturen, Prozessen und Ergebnissen
der Therapie erbringen. Insbesondere der neueste Gesetzentwurf des BMG „Gesundheitsreform
2000” unterstützt diesen Ansatz. Methode und Ergebnisse: Die Kombination von allgemeinem und spezifischem Lebensqualitäts-Fragebogen erlaubt
eine Vergleichbarkeit beispielsweise onkologischer Daten zwischen einzelnen Tumorentitäten
zum einen und liefert die zur Beurteilung der Ergebnisqualität wichtigen Ergebnisse
der speziellen Behandlung zum anderen. Insbesondere im Bereich der Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde
wurde in den letzten Jahren eine Reihe von Fragebogen für Karzinome im oberen Aerodigestivtrakt,
Rhinosinusitis, Radiotherapie, saisonaler allergischer Rhinitis, Otitis media, Vertigo,
Sprachstörungen und zur Evaluation operativer Eingriffe entwickelt. Schlussfolgerungen: Nach Ishikawa, dem Begründer des Total Quality Managements und der Qualitätszirkel,
steht die Kundenorientierung im Mittelpunkt. Im Bereich der Medizin werden jedoch
die Kunden, in diesem Fall Patienten, selten nach ihrer eigenen Bewertung der „Dienstleistung”
Therapie befragt. Gerade jedoch durch die Parameter der Qualitätserfassung können
kurz-, mittel- und langfristige Effekte einer Behandlung hinreichend genau erfasst
werden. Hier kommt der LQ-Messung eine besondere Bedeutung zu, insbesondere wenn ökonomische
Aspekte mit einbezogen werden.
Total Quality Management in Otorhinolaryngology: Quality of the Outcome
Background: The last years are characterized by a change of paradigms in the evaluation of medical
therapeutical strategies. The term quality of life (QoL) has been established in oncology
and could be demonstrated as a subject of highly qualified investigations which were
published during the last years. An extendent quality management is correlated with
the possibility of cost-effectiveness measurement and arrangement in a time characterized
by decreasing financial resources of the hospitals and university departments. The
experiences in the field of quality analysis could offer precious tools to optimize
structures, processes and results of treatments. This aim is strongly supported by
the expected law „Gesundheitsreform 2000”. Method and Results: Therefore reliable, valid tools are needed to calculate the effects of therapies.
The combination of global and specific questionnaires include the possibility to compare
oncologic data of different entities of malignomas. A couple of questionnaires in
otorhinolaryngology were developed in the last decade involving the fields of malignomas
of the upper aerodigestive tract, rhinosinusitis etc. Conclusions: Ishikawa, the founder of „Total Quality Management” and of the „Quality Circ”, pointed
out the high importance of customer satisfaction. Whereas the patient is in the mid
point of medical treatment there are hardly any investigations about customer satisfaction
published. Therefore it is necessary to develop and establish validated tools for
the measurement of quality dimensions. The short, middle and longlasting effects of
a treatment could be calculated by quality of life measurements. The QoL is here of
very strong importance, especially since economic aspects are included.
Schlüsselwörter:
Lebensqualität -Qualitätsmanagement - Onkologie
Key words:
Quality of life - Total quality management -Oncology
Literatur
01
Najman J M, Levine S.
Evaluating the impact of medical care and technologies on the quality of life: a review
and critique.
Soc Sci Med (F).
1981;
15 (2 - 3)
107-115
02
Roos K, Claesson R, Persson U, Odegaard K.
The economic cost of a streptococcal tonsillitis episode.
Scand J Prim Health Care.
1995;
13 (4)
257-260
03
Berdeaux G, Lafuma A, Perruchet A M, Fagnani F.
Cost effectiveness of immunoprophylaxis in the prevention of recurrent infectious
rhinitis in adults.
Pharmacoeconomics.
1998;
14 (3)
313-322
04 Patric D L, Erickson P. Health Status and Health Policy. New York; Oxford University
Press 1992
05
Ekkernkamp A, Haeske-Seeberg H.
Qualitätssicherung in der Chirurgie - Konkreter Nutzen oder Buch mit sieben Siegeln?.
Chirurg.
1999;
1
102-112
06 Küchler T.
Von der Dokumentation der Komplikation zur Messung der Lebensqualität. In: Biermann, C (Hrsg) Derzeitiger Stand und Aspekte der Lebensqualitätsforschung
in der urologischen Onkologie. München, Bern, Wien, New York; Zuckschwerdt 1996
07
Schmidt C, Reibe F, Güntert B, Küchler T, Henne-Bruns D.
Lebensqualität als Parameter der Ergebnisqualität in der Medizin.
Gesundh Ökon Qual-manag.
1999;
4
85-91
08
Bullinger M.
Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität und subjektive Gesundheit. Über den Stand der Forschung
zu einem neuen Evaluationskriterium in der Medizin.
Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol.
1997;
47
76-91
09
Harwood A R, Rawlinson E.
The Quality of Life of patients following treatment for laryngeal cancer.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
1983;
9
335-338
10
Iro H, Fietkau R, Kolb S, Nitsche N.
Nutrition of ENT tumor patients treated with radiotherapy. Comparison of oral and
enteral nutrition using percutaneous gastrostomy.
HNO.
1989;
37 (8)
343-348
11
Lamprecht A.
Dysarthria, dysphagia or dyspnea as a reason for the initial consultation in pseudoparalytic
myasthenia gravis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Laryngo-Rhino-Otol.
1990;
69 (1)
48-51
12 Küchler T. Konzepte, Ergebnisse und zukünftige Herausforderungen an die medizinische
Psychologie. Antrittsvorlesung gehalten am 29. 10. 1993 im UKE Hamburg. 1993
13 Aristoteles .ca. 350 v. Chr., Nikomachische Ethik.
14 Hofstätter P R. Bedingungen der Zufriedenheit. Zürich; 1986
15
Küchler T, Schreiber H.
Lebensqualität in der Allgemeinchirurgie - Konzepte und praktische Möglichkeiten der
Messung.
Hamburger Ärztebl.
1989;
43
246-250
16 Lindner A. Lebensqualität im ägyptisch-deutschen Vergleich - Eine interkulturelle
Untersuchung an drei Berufsgruppen (med. Dissertation). Hamburg; 1995
17
Blazeby J M, Williams M H, Alderson D, Farndon J R.
Observer variation in assessment of quality of life in patients with oesophageal cancer.
Brit J Surg.
1995;
82
1200-1203
18 Popper K, Troidl H. Mündliche Mitteilung, zitiert von Troidl in einem Vortrag auf
der Konferenz „Quality of Life in Surgery”. Meran; 1989
19
Borghgraef K, Delaere P, Bogaert W van den, Feenstra L.
Quality of life in head and neck cancer patients.
Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg.
1997;
51
69-72
20
Kollbrunner J, Zbaren P.
Research into the psychosocial aspects of ENT tumor surgery (excluding laryngectomy).
4: Status of research and future research goals.
HNO.
1997;
45
610-617
21
Cleary P D, Greenfield S, McNeil B J.
Assessing quality of life after surgery.
Control clin Trials.
1991;
4 (Suppl)
189-203
22 Eckpunkte zur Gesundheitsreform 2000. Bonn; BMG 1999: 11-14
23 Spilker B.
Introduction to the field of Quality of Life Trials. In: Spilker, B (ed) Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical trials. Philadelphia;
Lippincott-Raven 1996: 1-10
24 Glatzer W, Zapf W. Lebensqualität in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Frankfurt;
Campus Verlag 1984
25
Hodgkin J E, Balchum O J, Kass I, Glaser E M, Miller W F, Haas A, Shaw D B, Kimbel P,
Petty T L.
Chronic obstructive airway diseases. Current concepts in diagnosis and comprehensive
care.
J Amer Med Assn.
1975;
232 (12)
1243-1260
26
Aaronson N K.
Quality of life assessment in clinical trials: methodologic issues.
Controlled Clin Trials.
1989;
10 (Suppl 4)
195-208
27
Sutherland H J, Lockwood G A, Boyd N F.
Ratings of the importance of quality of life variables: therapeutic implications for
patients with metastatic breast cancer.
J Clin Epidemiol.
1990;
43 (7)
661-666
28 Stewart A, Ware J. Measuring Function and Wellbeing. Durham/NC; Duke University
Press 1992
29
Kilian R.
Ist Lebensqualität messbar? Probleme der quantitativen und Möglichkeiten der qualitativen
Erfassung von Lebensqualität in der Psychiatrie.
Psych Praxis.
1995;
22
97-101
30
Guyatt G H.
Measurement of Health related Quality of life in Heart failure.
J Am College Cardiol.
1993;
22
185-191
31
Guyatt G H.
Measurement of Health related Quality of life in chronic airflow Limitation.
Monaldi Arch Chest Dis.
1993;
48
554-557
32
Lydick E G, Epstein R S.
Interpretation of Quality of Life Changes.
Quality Life Res.
1993;
2
221-226
33 Lydick E G, Epstein R S.
Clinical significance of Quality of Life Data. In: Spilker, B (Hrsg) Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials. Philadelphia;
Lippincott-Raven 1996: 461-466
34
Krongrad A, Lai H, Burke M A, Goodkin K, Lai S.
Marriage and mortality in prostate cancer.
J Urol.
1996;
156 (5)
1669-1670
35
Finizia C, Hammerlid E, Westin T, Lindstrom J.
Quality of Life and voice in patients with laryngeal carcinoma: a posttreatment comparison
of laryngectomy (salvage surgery) versus radiotherapy.
Laryngoscope.
1998;
108
1566-1573
36
List M A, Siston A, Haraf D, Schumm P, Kies M, Stenson K, Vokes E E.
Quality of life and performance in advanced head and neck cancer patients on concomitant
chemoradiotherapy: a prospective examination.
J Clin Oncol.
1999;
17 (3)
1020-1028
37
Hammerlid E, Mercke C, Sullivan M, Westin T.
A prospective quality of life study of patients with oral or pharyngeal carcinoma
treated with external beam irradiation with or without brachytherapy.
Oral Oncol.
1997;
33 (3)
189-196
38
Biermann C W, Herberhold D, Finke W, Schulze H, Senge T, Riese W de, Küchler T.
Quality assurance in tumor surgery - the effect of tumor surgery interventions on
the quality of life of patients with urologic tumors.
Swiss Surgery.
1995;
6
285-289
39
Bergner M, Bobbit R A, Carter W B, Gilson B S.
The Sickness Impact Profile: Development and Final Revision of a Health Status Measure.
Med Care.
1981;
19
780-805
40
Hunt S M, McEwen J, McKenna S P, Williams J, Papp E.
The Nottingham Health Profile: Subjective Health Status and Medical Consultations.
Soc Sci Med.
1981;
15
221-229
41 Ware J E.
The SF-36 Health Survey. In: Spilker, R (ed) Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials. Philadelphia;
Lippincott-Press 1996: 337-346
42
Bullinger M, Kirchberger I.
Der deutsche SF-36 Health Survey. Übersetzung und psychometrische Testung eines krankheitsübergreifenden
Instrumentes zur Erfassung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität.
Z Gesundheitswissensch.
1995;
3
21-36
43
Cella D, Gulsky D S, Gray G.
The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) Scale: Development and Validation
of the General Measure.
J Clin Oncol.
1993;
11
572-579
44
Aaronson N K, Ahmedzai S . et al .
The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. QOL-C-30: A Quality
of Life Instrument for use in International clinical Trials in Oncology.
J Nat Cancer Inst.
1993;
85
365-376
45
Niezgoda H E, Pater J L.
A validation study of the domains of the core EORTC quality of life questionnaire.
Qual Life Res.
1993;
2
319-325
46
Bjordal K, Kaasa S.
Psychometric validation of the EORTC Core Quality of Life Questionnaire, 30-item version
and a diagnosis-specific module for head and neck cancer patients.
Acta Oncol.
1992;
31 (3)
311-321
47
Osoba D, Zee B, Pater J, Warr D, Kaizer L, Latreille J.
Psychometric properties and responsiveness of the EORTC quality of Life Questionnaire
(QLQ-C30) in patients with breast, ovarian and lung cancer.
Qual Life Res.
1994;
3
353-364
48
Hjermstad M J, Fossa S D, Bjordal K, Kaasa S.
Test/retest study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer
Core Quality-of-Life Questionnaire.
J clin Oncol.
1995;
13
1249-1254
49
Ringdal G I, Ringdal K.
Testing the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire on cancer patients with heterogeneous
diagnoses.
Qual Life Res.
1993;
2
129-140
50
Bergman B, Aaronson N K, Ahmedzai S, Kaasa S, Sullivan M.
The EORTC QLQ-LC13: A modular supplement to the EORTC Core Quality of Life Questionnaire
(QLQ-C30) for use in lung cancer clinical trials. EORTC Study Group on Quality of
Life.
Eur J Cancer.
1994;
30 A (5)
635-642
51
Bjordal K, Ahlner-Elmqvist M, Tollesson E, Jensen A B, Razavi D, Maher E J, Kaasa S.
Development of an European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)
questionnaire module to be used in quality of life assessments in head and neck cancer
patients. EORTC Quality of Life Study Group.
Acta Oncologica.
1994;
33 (8)
879-885
52 Cull A, Sprangers M, Aaronson N. EORTC Quality of life study group Translation
Procedure (Internal Document). 1994
53
Biermann C W, Schmidt C, Küchler T.
Development of a quality of life questionnaire in bladder cancer.
Brit J Urol.
1995;
76
412-413
54
Schmidt C, Löhnert M, Rzehak P, Küchler T, Kremer B.
Lebensqualität beim Rektumkarzinom: Ein Parameter der Ergebnisqualität in der onkologischen
Chirurgie: Erste Daten.
Langenbecks Arch Chir.
1998;
(Suppl II)
1738
55
Schmidt C, Thybusch A, Küchler T, Kremer B.
Quality of Life in gastrointestinal (GI) tumors - EORTC-QLQ-C-30 and tumor specific
modules.
Qual Life Res.
1997;
6
716
56
Thybusch-Bernhardt A, Schmidt C, Küchler T, Schmid A, Henne-Bruns D, Kremer B.
Quality of life following radical surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma.
World J Surg.
1999;
23 (5)
503-508
57
Sprangers M A, Cull A, Groenvold M, Bjordal K, Blazeby J, Aaronson N K.
The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer approach to developing
questionnaire modules: An update and overview. EORTC Quality of Life Study Group.
Qual Life Res.
1998;
7
291-300
58
Thybusch A, Schmidt C, Küchler T, Schmid A, Henne-Bruns D, Kremer B.
Quality of life of tumor patients after surgical procedures.
Ann Surg.
1998;
228
625-626
59
Graeff A de, Leeuw R J de, Ros W J, Hordijk G J, Battermann J J, Blijham G H, Winnubst J A.
A prospective study on quality of life of laryngeal cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
Head Neck.
1999;
21 (4)
291-296
60
Bjordal K, Ahlner-Elmqvist M, Tollesson E, Jensen A B, Razavi D, Maher E J, Kaasa S.
Development of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)
questionnaire module to be used in quality of life assessments in head and neck cancer
patients. EORTC Quality of Life Study Group.
Acta Oncol.
1994;
33
879-885
61
Terrell J E, Nanavati K A, Esclamado R M, Bishop J K, Bradford C R, Wolf G T.
Head and neck cancer-specific quality of life: instrument validation.
Arch Otolaryngol.
1997;
123 (10)
1125-1132
62
Heißenberg M C, Küchler T, Schmidt C, Maune S.
Erhebung der Lebensqualität bei Patienten mit Karzinomen des oberen Aerodigestivtraktes.
HNO.
1999;
47
441
63
Benninger M S, Senior B A.
The development of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index.
Arch Otolaryngol.
1997;
123
1175-1179
64
Trotti A, Johnson D J, Gwede C, Casey L, Sauder B, Cantor A, Pearlman J.
Development of a head and neck companion module for the quality of life-radiation
therapy instrument (QOL-RTI).
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
1998;
42 (5)
1181-1182
65
Epstein J B, Emerton S, Kolbinson D A, Le N D, Phillips N, Stevenson-Moore P, Osoba D.
Quality of life and oral function following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer
(In Process Citation).
Head Neck.
1999;
21
1-11
66
Juniper E F.
Rhinitis management: the patient's perspective.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1998;
28 (Suppl 6)
34-38
67
Rosenfeld R M, Goldsmith A J, Tetlus L, Balzano A.
Quality of life for children with otitis media.
Arch Otolaryngol.
1997;
123 (10)
1049-1054
68
Fielder H, Denholm S W, Lyons R A, Fielder C P.
Measurement of health status in patients with vertigo.
Clin Otolaryngol.
1996;
21 (2)
124-126
69
Benninger M S, Ahuja A S, Gardner G, Grywalski C.
Assessing outcomes for dysphonic patients.
J Voice.
1998;
12 (4)
540-550
70
Winstead W, Barnett S N.
Impact of endoscopic sinus surgery on global health perception: an outcomes study.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1998;
119 (5)
486-491
71
Bjorner J B, Thunedborg K, Kristensen T S, Modvig J, Bech P.
The Danish SF-36 Health Survey: translation and preliminary validity studies.
J Clin Epidemiol.
1998;
51 (11)
991-999
72
Loge J H, Kaasa S, Hjermstad M J, Kvien T K.
Translation and performance of the Norwegian SF-36 Health Survey in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis. I. Data quality, scaling assumptions, reliability, and construct
validity.
J Clin Epidemiol.
1998;
51 (11)
1069-1076
73
Anderson R T, Aaronson N K, Bullinger M, McBee W L.
A review of the progress towards developing health-related quality-of-life instruments
for international clinical studies and outcomes research.
Pharmacoeconomics.
1996;
10 (4)
336-355
74
Bullinger M, Alonso J, Apolone G, Leplege A, Sullivan M, Wood-Dauphinee S, Gandek B,
Wagner A, Aaronson N, Bech P, Fukuhara S, Kaasa S, Ware J E Jr.
Translating health status questionnaires and evaluating their quality: the IQOLA Project
approach. International Quality of Life Assessment.
J Clin Epidemiol.
1998;
51 (11)
913-923
75
Bjordal K, Ahlner-Elmqvist M, Tollesson E, Jensen A B, Razavi D, Maher E J, Kaasa S.
Development of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)
questionnaire module to be used in quality of life assessments in head and neck cancer
patients. EORTC Quality of Life Study Group.
Acta Oncol.
1994;
33
879-885
76
Glicklich R E, Goldsmith T A, Funk G F.
Are head and neck specific quality of life measures necessary?.
Head Neck.
1997;
19
474-480
77
Bjordal K, Kaasa S, Mastekaasa A.
Quality of life in patients treated for head and neck cancer: a follow-up study 7
to 11 years after radiotherapy.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
1994;
28
847-856
78
Maune S, Schmidt C, Heißenberg M C, Behrens P, Küchler T.
Quality of Life and swelling of the head, neck and arm after neck dissection.
Europ J Lymphology.
1999;
28
93-96
79
Benninger M S, Anon J, Mabry R L.
The medical management of rhinosinusitis.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1997;
117 (3 Pt 2)
41-49
80
Maune S, Rudert H, Heißenberg M C, Schmidt C, Eggers S, Landmann K, Küchler T.
Konzept zur Messung der Lebensqualität bei Patienten mit chronischer Sinusitis.
Laryngo-Rhino-Otol.
1999;
78
475-480
81
Glicklich R E, Metson R.
Effect of sinus surgery on quality of life.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
1997;
117
12-17
82
Juniper E F.
Impact of upper respiratory allergic diseases on quality of life.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
101 (2 Pt 2)
386-391
83
Juniper E F, Guyatt G H, Streiner D L, King D R.
Clinical impact versus factor analysis for quality of life questionnaire construction.
J Clin Epidemiol.
1997;
50 (3)
233-238
84
Juniper E F, Guyatt G H.
Development and testing of a new measure of health status for clinical trials in rhinoconjunctivitis.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1991;
21 (1)
77-83
85
Juniper E F, Guyatt G H, Dolovich J.
Assessment of quality of life in adolescents with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: development
and testing of a questionnaire for clinical trials.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1994;
93 (2)
413-423
86
Guyatt G H, Juniper E F, Griffith L E, Feeny D H, Ferrie P J.
Children and adult perceptions of childhood asthma.
Pediatrics.
1997;
99 (2)
165-168
87
Juniper E F, Willms D G, Guyatt G H, Ferrie P J.
Aqueous beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal (ragweed)
rhinitis.
CMAJ.
1992;
147 (6)
887-892
88
Juniper E F, Guyatt G H, Andersson B, Ferrie P J.
Comparison of powder and aerosolized budesonide in perennial rhinitis: validation
of rhinitis quality of life questionnaire.
Ann Allergy.
1993;
70 (3)
225-230
89
Meltzer E O.
Pharmacological treatment options for allergic rhinitis and asthma.
Clin Exp Allergy.
1998;
28 (Suppl 2)
27-36
90
Meltzer E O, Jalowayski A A, Orgel H A, Harris A G.
Subjective and objective assessments in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis:
effects of therapy with mometasone furoate nasal spray.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1998;
102 (1)
39-49
91
Meltzer E O, Weiler J M, Widlitz M D.
Comparative outdoor study of the efficacy, onset and duration of action, and safety
of cetirizine, loratadine, and placebo for seasonal allergic rhinitis.
J Allergy Clin Immunol.
1996;
97 (2)
617-626
92
Meltzer E O.
The pharmacological basis for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis and non-allergic
rhinitis with topical corticosteroids.
Allergy.
1997;
52 (Suppl 36)
33-40
93
Garabedian E N, Moatti L, Roger G, Denoyelle F, Roelly P.
Cochlear implants in children.
Ann Pediatr (Paris).
1992;
39 (8)
467-472
94
Hilgers F J, Aaronson N K, Ackerstaff A H, Schouwenburg P F, Zandwikj N van.
The influence of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) on the respiratory symptoms after
total laryngectomy.
Clin Otolaryngol.
1991;
16 (2)
152-156
95
Jecker P, Hartwein J.
Metastasis to the parotid gland: is a radical surgical approach justified?.
Am J Otolaryngol.
1996;
17 (2)
102-105
96
Wood-Dauphinée S L, Troidl H.
Assessing Quality of Life in surgical studies.
Theoretical Surg.
1989;
4
35
97
Aaronson N K.
Quality of life research in cancer clinical trials: A need for common rules and language.
Oncology (Huntingt).
1990;
4 (5)
59-66
98
Donovan K, Sanson-Fisher R W, Redman S.
Measuring quality of life in cancer patients.
J Clin Oncol.
1989;
7
959-968
99
Kuchler T, Henne-Bruns D, Rappat S, Graul J, Holst K, Williams J I, Wood-Dauphinee S.
Impact of psychotherapeutic support on gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing
surgery: survival results of a trial.
Hepatogastroenterol.
1999;
46 (25)
322-335
100
Kollbrunner J, Zbaren P.
Research into the psychosocial aspects of ENT tumor surgery (excluding laryngectomy).
4: Status of research and future research goals.
HNO.
1997;
45 (8)
610-617
101
Henne-Bruns D, Vogel I, Marxen J, Papachrysanthou A, Förster J, Rüschmann H, Buschmann P,
Baxmann M, Kremer B.
Operative Onkologie: Mögliche Wege zur Finanzierung komplexer onkologischer Therapieverfahren.
Langenbecks Arch Chir.
1997;
Suppl II
345-364
102
Morris J, Perez D, McNoe B.
The use of quality of life data in clinical practice.
Qual Life Res.
1998;
7
85-91
103 Küchler T, Kremer B.
Reference Center on Quality of Life in Oncology: results after the first year. In: Flautner, L, Kupscsulik, P, Rozsa, I (Hrsg) IHPBA. Monduzzi Editore 1999: 397-401
104 Ishikawa K. What is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way. New York; Prentice
Hall 1985
105 Donabedian A. Explorations in Quality Assessment and Monitoring. The Definition
of Quality and Approaches to its Assessment. Michigan; Annals of Arbor 1980 1
106
Cella D, Webster K.
Linking outcomes management to quality of life measurement.
Oncology.
1997;
11
232-235
107
Wood-Dauphinee S.
Assessing quality of life in clinical research: from where have we come and where
are we going?.
J Clin Epidemiol.
1999;
52 (4)
355-363
108
Moinpur C M.
Cost of Quality of Life research in Southwest Oncology Group trials.
J nat Cancer Inst..
1996;
20
11-16
109 World Health Organization .The first ten years of the World Health Organization. Geneva;
World Health Organization 1958
110
Keulemans Y, Eshuis J, Haes H de, Wit L T de, Gouma D J.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Day care versus clinical observation.
Ann Surg.
1998;
228
734-740
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Steffen Maune
Klinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
Arnold-Heller-Straße 14 24105 Kiel
Email: E-mail: maune@hno.uni-kiel.de