Esophageal Stents-An Update

ABSTRACT

This article describes the indications for using metallic stents in a variety of esophageal conditions, and the techniques and results of placement.

KEYWORD

Esophagus - metal stents - malignant strictures

REFERENCES

• 1 Tytgat G N. Endoscopic review of esophageal cancer: possibilities and limitations.  Endoscopy . 1990;  22 263-267
• 2 Earlam R, Cunha-Melo J R. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a critical review of surgery.  Br J Surg . 1980;  67 381-390
• 3 Muller J M, Erasmi H, Stelzner M, Zieren U, Pichlmaier H. Surgical therapy of oesophageal carcinoma.  Br J Surg . 1990;  77 845-857
• 4 Caspers R J, Welvaart K, Verkes R J. The effect of radiotherapy on dysphagia and survival in patients with oesophageal cancer.  Radiother Oncol . 1988;  12 15-23
• 5 Loizou L A, Grigg D, Atkinson M, Robertson C, Brown S G. A prospective comparison of laser therapy and intubation in endoscopic palliation for malignant dysphagia.  Gastroenterology . 1991;  100 1303-1310
• 6 Mason R C, Bright N, McColl I. Palliation of malignant dysphagia with laser therapy: predictability of results.  Br J Surg . 1991;  78 1346-1347
• 7 Atkinson M, Ferguson R, Parker G C. Tuber introducer and modified Celestin tube for use in palliative intubation of esophago-gastic neoplasms at fibreoptic endoscopy.  Gut . 1978;  19 669-671
• 8 Watkinson A F, Ellul J, Entwisle K, Mason R C, Adam A. Oesophageal carcinoma: initial results of palliative treatment with covered self-expanding endoprostheses.  Radiology . 1995;  195 821-827
• 9 Wagner H J, Stinner B, Schwerk W-B, Hoppe M, Klose K J. Nitinol prostheses for the treatment of inoperable malignant oesophageal obstruction.  J Vasc Interv Radiol . 1994;  5 899-904
• 10 Cwikiel W, Stridbeck H, Tranberg K G. Malignant oesophageal strictures: treatment with a self-expanding nitinol stent.  Radiology . 1993;  187 661-665
• 11 Saxon R R, Barton R E, Rösch J. Complications of oesophageal stenting and balloon dilatation.  Semin Interv Radiol . 1994;  11 276-282
• 12 Mellow M H, Pinkas H. Endoscopic laser therapy for malignancies affecting the oesophagus and gastroesophageal junction: analysis of technical and functional efficacy.  Arch Intern Med . 1985;  145 1443-1446
• 13 Morgan R A, Denton E RE, Watkinson A F. Metallic stenting of malignant esophgeal strictures.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1996;  19[Suppl] 69(Abst)
• 14 Acunas B, Rozanes I, Akpinar S. Palliation of malignant esophageal strictures with self-expanding nitinol stents: drawbacks and complications.  Radiology . 1996;  199 648-652
• 15 Cwikiel W, Tranberg K-G, Cwikiel M, Lillo-Gil. Malignant dysphagia: palliation with esophageal stents-long-term results in 100 patients.  Radiology . 1998;  207 513-518
• 16 Song H Y, Do Y S, Han Y M. Covered, expandable oesophageal metallic stent tubes: experience in 119 patients.  Radiology . 1994;  193 689-695
• 17 Laasch H-U, Nicholson D A, Kay C L. The clinical effectiveness of the Gianturco esophageal stent in malignant esophageal obstruction.  Clin Radiol . 1998;  53 666-672
• 18 Cwikiel M, Cwikiel W, Albertsson M. Palliation of dysphagia in patients with malignant esophageal strictures. Comparison of results of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and esophageal stent treatment.  Acta Oncol . 1993;  35 75-79
• 19 Knyrim K, Wagner H J, Bethge N, Keymling M, Vakil N. A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of oesophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer.  N Engl J Med . 1993;  329 1302-1307
• 20 De Palma D G, di Matteo E, Romano E. Plastic prosthesis versus expandable metal stents for palliation of inoperable oesophgeal thoracic carcinoma: a controlled prospective study.  Gastrointest Endosc . 1996;  43 478-482
• 21 Sanyika C, Corr P, Haffejee A. Palliative treatment of oesophageal carcinoma-efficacy of plastic versus self-expandable stents.  S Afr Med J . 1999;  89 640-643
• 22 Adam A, Ellul J, Watkinson A F. Palliation of inoperable esophageal carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial of laser therapy and stent placement.  Radiology . 1997;  202 344-348
• 23 Morgan R, Adam A. The radiologist's view of expandable metallic stents for malignant esophageal obstruction.  Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am . 1999;  9 431-436
• 24 Farrugia M, Morgan R A, Latham J A. Perforation of the esophagus econdary to insertion of covered Wallstent endoprostheses.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1997;  20 470-472
• 25 Kos X, Trotteur G, Dondelinger R F. Delayed esophageal hemorrhage caused by a metal stent: treatment with embolization.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1998;  21 428-430
• 26 Adam A, Morgan R, Ellul J, Mason R C. A new design of the esophageal Wallstent endoprosthesis resistant to distal migration.  AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1998;  170 1477-1482
• 27 Machan L S, Signore P, Bromley P, Hunter B. Prevention of neointimal hyperplasia by Taxol.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1998;  21[Suppl] 196(Abst)
• 28 Manifold D K, Cowling M G, Maynard N D, Machan L. Paclitaxel-coated stents in oesophageal adenocarcinoma.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1998;  21[Suppl] 129(Abst)
• 29 Kocher M, Dlouhy M, Neoral C. Esophageal stent with antireflux valve for tumors involving the cardia: work in progress.  J Vasc Interv Radiol . 1998;  9 1007-1010
• 30 Burt M, Deihl W, Martini N. Malignant oesophageal fistula: management options and survival.  Ann Thorac Surg . 1991;  52 1222-1229
• 31 Duranceau A, Jamieson G G. Malignant tracheoesophageal fistula.  Ann Thorac Surg . 1984;  37 346-354
• 32 Tyrrell M, Trotter G, Adam A, Mason R C. Incidence and management of laser-associated oesophageal perforation.  Br J Surg . 1995;  82 1257-1258
• 33 Robertson C S, Atkinson M. A modified prosthetic oesophageal tube to manage malignant oesophago-respiratory fistula.  Lancet . 1986;  2 949-950
• 34 Irving J D, Simson J NL. A new cuffed oesophageal prosthesis for the management of malignant oesophagorespiratory fistula.  Ann R Coll Surg Engl . 1988;  70 13-15
• 35 Hordijk M L, Dees J, van Blankenstein M. The management of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with a cuffed prosthesis.  Endoscopy . 1990;  22 241-244
• 36 Watkinson A F, Ellul J, Entwistle K. Plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses in the management of esophageal perforation in patients with esophageal carcinoma.  Clin Radiol . 1995;  50 304-309
• 37 Do Y S, Song H Y, Lee B H. Esophagorespiratory fistula associated with esophageal cancer: treatment with a Gianturco stent tube.  Radiology . 1993;  187 673-677
• 38 Morgan R A, Ellul J PM, Denton E RE. Malignant esophageal fistulas and perforations: management with plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses.  Radiology . 1997;  204 527-532
• 39 Saxon R R, Barton R E, Katon R M. Treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with silicone-covered metallic Z stents.  J Vasc Interv Radiol . 1995;  6 237-242
• 40 Han Y-M, Song H-Y, Lee J-M. Esophagorespiratory fistulae due to esophageal carcinoma: palliation with a covered Gianturco stent.  Radiology . 1996;  199 65-70
• 41 Mohammed S, Moss J. Palliation of malignant tracheo-oesophageal fistula using covered metal stents.  Clin Radiol . 1996;  51 42-46
• 42 Nicholson A A, Royston C MS, Wedgewood K, Milkins R, Taylor A D. Palliation of malignant oesophageal perforation and proximal oesophageal malignant dysphagia with covered metal stents.  Clin Radiol . 1995;  50 11-14
• 43 Nicholson D A. Tracheal and esophageal stenting for carcinoma of the upper esophagus invading the tracheobronchial tree.  Clin Radiol . 1998;  53 760-763
• 44 Sabharwal T, Farsaris D, Edwards P D, Cowling M G, Dussek J E, Adam A. Self-expanding metallic endoprostheses in the palliation of malignant airways strictures and tracheo-esophageal fistulas.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 2000;  23[Suppl] 274(Abst)
• 45 Tan B S, Kennedy C, Morgan R, Owen W, Adam A. Using uncovered metallic endoprostheses to treat recurrent benign esophageal strictures.  AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1997;  169 1281-1284
• 46 Cwikiel W, Wilen R, Stridbeck H, Liool-Gil R, Von Holstein S C. Self-expanding stent in the treatment of benign esophageal strictures: experimental study in pigs and presentation of clinical cases.  Radiology . 1993;  187 661-665
• 47 Strecker E-P, Boos I, Vetter S, Strohm M, Domschke S. Nitinol esophageal stents: new designs and clinical indications.  Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol . 1996;  19 15-20
• 48 Song H-Y, Park S-I, Do Y-S. Expandable metallic stent placement in patients with benign esophageal strictures: results of long-term follow-up.  Radiology . 1997;  203 131-136
• 49 Song H-Y, Park S-I, Jung H-Y. Benign and malignant esophageal strictures: treatment with a polyurethane-covered retrievable expandable metallic stent.  Radiology . 1997;  203 747-752