Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-9888
Die Behandlung von Risikofaktoren zur Primärprophylaxe zerebraler Ischämien
Publication History
Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)

Zerebrovaskuläre Erkrankungen gehören weltweit zu den häufigsten Todesursachen. In Deutschland erkranken etwa 150 000 Einwohner pro Jahr neu an einem Schlaganfall. Zerebrale Ischämien sind die häufigste Ursache frühzeitiger Invalidität. Sie verursachen großes individuelles Leid, die Folgekosten erreichen volkswirtschaftlich relevante Summen [41]. Schlaganfälle können verhindert werden; die hohe Prävalenz und das Wissen um Risikofaktoren prädestinieren diese Erkrankung für präventive Maßnahmen [18]. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit sollen Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung zerebraler Ischämien und ihre Behandlungsmöglichkeiten erörtert werden. Bezüglich der Risikofaktoren für hämorrhagische Infarkte sei auf andere Arbeiten verwiesen [34].
Literatur
- 1
Alfthan G, Pekkanen J, Jauhiainen M. et al .
Relation of serum homocysteine and lipoprotein(a)
concentrations to atherosclerotic disease in a prospective Finnish
population based study.
Atherosclerosis.
1994;
106
9-19
MissingFormLabel
- 2
Allenberg J, Brandt T, Thron A.
Percutane
transluminale Angioplastie und Stenting bei Stenosen der A. carotis
interna.
Nervenarzt.
1999;
70
314
MissingFormLabel
- 3
American Diabetes Association .
Clinical
practice recommendations.
Diabetes Care.
1998;
21
1-89
(suppl.1))
MissingFormLabel
- 4
Anderson J L, Muhlestein J B, Carlquist J. et al .
Randomized secondary prevention trial of
azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological
evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection.
Circulation.
1999;
99
1540-1547
MissingFormLabel
- 5
Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration .
Collaborative
overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy. I: prevention
of death, myocardial infarction and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet
therapy in various categories of patients.
BMJ.
1994;
308
81-106
MissingFormLabel
- 6
Biller J, Feinberg W, Castaldo J. et al .
Guidelines
for carotid endarterectomy: A statement for healthcare professionals
from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart
Association.
Circulation.
1998;
97
501-509
MissingFormLabel
- 7
Boushey C J, Beresford S A, Omenn G S, Motulsky A G.
A quantitative assessment
of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: probable
benefits of increasing folic acid intakes.
JAMA.
1995;
274
1049-1057
MissingFormLabel
- 8
Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S. et al .
Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart
disease. Part 2, Short term reductions in blood pressure: overview
of randomized drug trials in their epidemiologic context.
Lancet.
1990;
335
827-838
MissingFormLabel
- 9
Cromwell J, Bartosch W J, Fiore M C, Hasselblad V, Baker T.
Cost-effectiveness
of the clinical practice recommendations in the AHCPR guideline
for smoking cessation. Agency for Health Care Policy Research.
JAMA.
1997;
278
1759-1766
MissingFormLabel
- 10
Dyken M E, Somers V K, Yamada T, Ren Z Y, Zimmerman M B.
Investigating
the relationship between stroke and obstructive sleep apnea.
Stroke.
1996;
27
401-407
MissingFormLabel
- 11
European Atrial Fibrillation
Trial Study Group .
Optimal oral anticoagulattion therapy
in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation and recent cerebral
ischemia.
N Engl J Med.
1995;
333
5-10
MissingFormLabel
- 12
Executive Committee for the
Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study .
Endarterectomy
for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis.
JAMA.
1995;
273
1421-1428
MissingFormLabel
- 13
Fagerberg B, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H, Agewall S, Wikstrand J.
Chlamydia pneumoniae
but not cytomegalovirus antibodies are associated with future risk
of stroke and cardiovascular disease.
Stroke.
1999;
30
299-305
MissingFormLabel
- 14
Fassbender K, Mielke O, Bertsch T, Nafe B, Froschen S, Hennerici M.
Homocysteine in cerebral
macroangiography and microangiopathy.
Lancet.
1999;
353
1586-1587
MissingFormLabel
- 15
Flemming M F, Barry K L, Manwell L B, Johnson K, London R.
Brief
physician advice for problem drinkers.
JAMA.
1997;
277
1039-1045
MissingFormLabel
- 16
Gillman M W, Cupples L A. et al .
Protective
effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men.
JAMA.
1995;
273
1113-1117
MissingFormLabel
- 17
Gupta S, Leatham E W, Carrington D, Mendall M A, Kaski J C, Camm A J.
Elevated
Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, cardiovascular events, and azithromycin
in male survivors of myocardial infarction.
Circulation.
1997;
96
404-407
MissingFormLabel
- 18
Gorelick P B, Sacco R L, Smith D B. et al .
Prevention of a first stroke: a review
of guidelines and a multidisciplinary consensus statement from the
National Stroke Association.
JAMA.
1999;
281
1112-1120
MissingFormLabel
- 19
Gorelick P B, Schneck M, Berglund L F, Feinberg W, Goldstone J.
Status
of lipids as a risk factor for stroke.
Neuroepidemiology.
1997;
16
107-115
MissingFormLabel
- 20
Grau A J, Buggle F, Ziegler C. et al .
Association between acute cerebrovascular
ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection.
Stroke.
1997;
28
1724-1729
MissingFormLabel
- 21
Hankey G J, Warlow C P.
Treatment and
secondary prevention of stroke: evidence, costs, and effects on
individuals and populations.
Lancet.
1999;
354
1457-1463
MissingFormLabel
- 22
Jorenby D E, Leischow S J, Nides M A. et al .
A controlled trial of sustained-release
bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation.
N
Engl J Med.
1999;
340
685-691
MissingFormLabel
- 23
Kawachi I, Colditz G A, Stampfer M J. et al .
Smoking cessation and decreased risk of
stroke in women.
JAMA.
1993;
269
232-236
MissingFormLabel
- 24
Kiely D K, Wolf P A, Cupples L A. et al .
Physical activity and stroke risk: The
Framingham Study.
Am J Epidemiology.
1994;
140
608-620
MissingFormLabel
- 25
Kronmal R A, Hart R G, Manolio T A, Talbert R L, Beauchamp N J, Newman A.
Aspirin use and incident
stroke in the Cardiovascular Health Study.
Stroke.
1998;
29
887-894
MissingFormLabel
- 26
Laupacis A, Albers G, Dalen J, Dunn M, Feinberg W, Jacobson A.
Antithrombotic
therapy in atrial fibrillation.
Chest.
1995;
108
352-359
(suppl 4))
MissingFormLabel
- 27
Lee I M, Paffenbarger R S.
Physical
activity and stroke incidence. The Harvard Alumni Health Study.
Stroke.
1998;
29
2049-2054
MissingFormLabel
- 28
Matchar D B, McCrory D C, Bamen H J, Feussner J R.
Medical treatment for
stroke prevention.
Annals Int Med.
1994;
121
41-53
MissingFormLabel
- 29
Mathias K, Jäger H, Sahl H, Hennigs S, Gißler H M.
Die
Endoluminale Therapie der Karotisstenose.
Deutsches Ärzteblatt.
1999;
96
2502-2508
MissingFormLabel
- 30
Messerli F, Grossman E, Goldbourt U.
Are
beta-blockers efficacous as first-line therapy for hypertension
in the elderly? A systematic review.
JAMA.
1998;
279
1903-1907
MissingFormLabel
- 31
Perry I, Refsum H, Morris R, Ebrahim S, Ueland P, Shaper A.
Prospective
study of serum total homocysteine concentration and risk of stroke
in middle-aged British men.
Lancet.
1995;
346
1395-1398
MissingFormLabel
- 32
Prystowsky E N, Benson D W Jr, Fuster V. et al .
Management of patients with atrial fibrillation.
A statement for healthcare professionals. From the Subcommittee
on Electrocardiography and Electrophysiology, American Heart Aosociafion.
Circulation.
1996;
93
1262-1277
MissingFormLabel
- 33
Report of the Quality Standards
Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology .
Practice
parameter: Stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial
fibrillation.
Neurology.
1998;
51
671-673
MissingFormLabel
- 34
Sacco R L, Benjamin E J, Broderick J P. et al .
Risk factors.
Panel Stroke.
1997;
28
1507-1517
MissingFormLabel
- 35
Sacks F M, Pfeffer M A, Moye L A. et al .
The effect of pravastatin on coronary events
after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol
levels. Cholesterol and Recunent Events Trial investigators.
N
Engl J Med.
1996;
335
1001-1009
MissingFormLabel
- 36
Saikku P, Leinonen M, Mattila K J. et al .
Serological evidence of an association
of a novel chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease
an acute myocardial infarction.
Lancet.
1988;
2
(8618)
983-986
MissingFormLabel
- 37
Scandinavian Simvastatin
Survival Study Group .
Randomized trial of cholesterol
lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian
Simvastatin Survival Study.
Lancet.
1994;
344
1383-1389
MissingFormLabel
- 38
SHEP Cooperative Research
Group .
Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug
treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension.
JAMA.
1991;
265
3255-3264
MissingFormLabel
- 39
Sievert H, Pfeil W, Bösenberg I, Spies H, Theis R, Beykirch K F.
Primäre Stent-Implantation
in der Arteria carotis interna.
Dtsch med Wschr.
1999;
124
1262-1266
MissingFormLabel
- 40
Steering Committee of the
Physicians Health Study Research Group .
Final report
on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians Health Study.
N
Engl J Med.
1989;
321
129-135
MissingFormLabel
- 41
Taylor T N, Davis P H, Tomer J C, Holmes J, Meyer J W, Jacobson M F.
Lifetime
cost of stroke in the United States.
Stroke.
1996;
27
1459-1466
MissingFormLabel
- 42
The Atrial Fibrillation Investigators .
The
efficacy of aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation: Analysis
of pooled data from 3 randomized trials.
Arch Intern Med.
1997;
157
1237-1240
MissingFormLabel
- 43
The Diabetes Control and
Complications Trial Group .
Effect of intensive diabetes
management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes
Control and Complications Trial.
Am J Cardiol.
1995;
75
894-903
MissingFormLabel
- 44
The Joint National Committee
on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood
pressure .
The 6th report of the Joint National Committee
on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood
pressure.
Arch Intern Med.
1997;
157
2413-2446
MissingFormLabel
- 45
The National Cholesterol
Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel .
Summary of the
second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)
Expert Panel in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II).
JAMA.
1993;
269
3015-3023
MissingFormLabel
- 46
UK Prospective Diabetes Study
Group .
Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas
or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications
in patients with type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 33.
Lancet.
1998;
352
837-853
MissingFormLabel
- 47
UK Prospective Diabetes Study
Group .
Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascuiar
and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38.
BMJ.
1998;
317
703-713
MissingFormLabel
- 48
Verhoef P, Hennekens C H, Malinow M R, Kok F J, Willett W C, Stampfer M J.
A prospective
study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of ischemic stroke.
Stroke.
1994;
25
1924-1930
MissingFormLabel
- 49
Wolf P A, Abbott R D, Kannel W B.
Atrial
Fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: The Framingham
Study.
Stroke.
1991;
22
983-988
MissingFormLabel
- 50
Wolf P A, DAgostino R B, Kannel W B, Bonita R Belanger AJ.
Cigarette smoking
as a risk factor for stroke: The Framingliam Study.
JAMA.
1998;
259
1025-1029
MissingFormLabel
Korrespondenz
Dr. med. Florian Buggle
Neurologische Klinik
Im Neuenheimer Feld 400
69120 Heidelberg
Phone: 06221/567504
Fax: 06221/565451
Email: Florian_Buggle@med.uni-heidelberg.de