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DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-37249
Prävention der KHK durch Risikostratifizierung
Eine neue Sichtweise mit Konsequenzen für die GesundheitsfürsorgeRisk factor grading for prevention of coronary artery diseaseA new perspective with consequences for the public health servicePublication History
eingereicht: 26.6.2002
akzeptiert: 22.11.2002
Publication Date:
13 February 2003 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Eine verbesserte Prävention und Therapie hat zu einem Abfall der kardialen Todesfälle in den westlichen Ländern geführt. In der Folge ist die Zahl der Patienten mit chronischer koronarer Herzerkrankung (KHK) gestiegen.
Das neue Konzept der Prävention bei KHK zielt auf die Identifizierung des individuellen Risikos ab, das in drei Klassen - niedrig, mittelgradig, hoch - unterteilt wird. Die Risikoabschätzung stützt sich auf anamnestische, klinische und klinisch-chemische Daten. Auf dieser Grundlage erlauben die Tabellen der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie eine semiquantitative Risikoberechnung, während die Algorithmen der Framingham- und PROCAM-Studien eine quantitative Berechnung ermöglichen. Wenn mit diesem Vorgehen keine sichere Festlegung des Risikos gelingt („intermediär”), erlauben bildgebende Verfahren, die Bestimmung des Knöchel-Arm-Index und die Messung des C-reaktiven Proteins eine weitergehende Beurteilung. Das therapeutische Vorgehen kann somit dem individuellen Risiko angepasst werden. Eine intensive, meist auch medikamentöse Therapie mit dem Ziel der möglichst weitgehenden Reduktion der Risikofaktoren wird bei nach den Risikotabellen bzw. -algorithmen definierten Hochrisiko-Personen (>2 % Risiko kardiale Ereignisse/Jahr) angestrebt. Findet sich auf dieser Grundlage ein intermediäres Risiko, so wird anhand von Zeichen der Arteriosklerose, z. B. Karotis-Plaques, Aortenaneurysma, transistorisch-ischämisch Attacke und/oder Koronarkalk, über die Therapie entschieden. Bei Nachweis einer ausgeprägten Arteriosklerose steht die intensive Therapie im Vordergrund, bei fehlenden Zeichen der Arteriosklerose kann aber oft auch von einer spezifischen Therapie abgesehen werden.
Es ist zu hoffen, dass über die so erreichte individuelle Therapie eine weitere Abnahme der tödlichen Herzinfarkte erreicht wird und vor allem plötzliche und unverwartete Ereignisse vermieden werden können.
Fazit: Die Abschätzung des individuellen KHK Risikos steht im Vordergrund der Risikostratifizierung. Neben der Bedeutung von kausalen, möglichen und prädisponierenden Risikofaktoren erlauben vor allem neue bildgebende Methoden, aber auch die Bestimmung des C-reaktiven Proteins, eine bessere Abschätzung des Risikos. Die Einleitung einer gezielten Therapie ermöglicht die Senkung des Herzinfarktrisikos, besonders die Vermeidung plötzlicher, unerwarteter Ereignisse.
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Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. R. Erbel
Direktor der Klinik für Kardiologie
Hufelandstraße
55
45122 Essen
Phone: 0201/7232339/2493
Fax: 0201/7235951
Email: erbel@med.uni-essen.de
URL: http://www.uni-essen.de/cardio