Zusammenfassung
Gedächtnis lässt sich sowohl nach chronologischen als auch nach inhaltlichen Aspekten
differenzieren. Darüber hinaus lassen sich auch prozessspezifische Unterteilungen
vornehmen (Einspeicherung, Transfer, Konsolidierung, Abruf). Die zeitliche Unterteilung
bezieht sich zum einen auf die gängige Differenzierung in Kurzzeit- und Langzeitgedächtnis,
zum anderen auf die in anterogrades („Neugedächtnis”) und retrogrades Gedächtnis („Altgedächtnis”)
(gemessen von einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt, meist dem einer Hirnschädigung). Anterogrades
Gedächtnis bedeutet das erfolgreiche Einspeichern und Ablagern neuer Information;
retrogrades Gedächtnis die Fähigkeit, schon erfolgreich aufgenommene und/oder abgespeicherte
Information abzurufen. Auf inhaltlicher Ebene lässt sich (Langzeit-)Gedächtnis in
fünf Grundsysteme unterteilen - episodisches Gedächtnis, Wissenssystem, perzeptuelles,
prozedurales und die Priming-Form des Gedächtnisses. Neurale Korrelate für diese Unterscheidungen
werden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des episodischen Gedächtnis und des Wissenssystems
anhand hirngesunder und hirngeschädigter Individuen diskutiert. Es wird argumentiert,
dass Strukturen des limbischen Systems bedeutend für die Einspeicherung von Information
und für deren Übertragung in das Langzeitgedächtnis sind. Hierbei werden zwei, zwar
in sich geschlossene, aber dennoch interagierende neurale Kreise herausgestrichen
- einer primär für die kognitive Verarbeitung und einer für die Integration emotional
relevanter Informationen. Für die Speicherung von Information werden primär neokortikale
Strukturen als bedeutend angesehen und für den Abruf episodischer Information und
von solcher aus dem Wissenssystem eine Kombination frontaler und anterior temporaler
Kortexregionen. Hierbei wird von einer Hemisphärenspezialisierung in der Weise ausgegangen,
dass die rechte Hirnhälfte weitgehend für den Abruf episodischer Informationen und
die linke für den Abruf aus dem Wissenssystem „zuständig” sind. Evidenzen werden sowohl
aus Ergebnissen herangezogen, die auf Untersuchungen an distinkt hirngeschädigten
Patienten basieren, als auch auf solchen, die aus der experimentellen Anwendung von
Methoden der funktionellen Bildgebung an hirngesunden Probanden hervorgingen. Ein
Vergleich der Ergebnisse von Bildgebungsstudien bei gedächtnisgestörten Patienten
aus dem psychiatrischen Bereich mit denjenigen von Amnestikern mit distinkten Hirnschädigungen
zeigte, dass beide Patientengruppen Stoffwechseländerungen in ähnlichen Hirnregionen
aufwiesen. Während sich bei Patienten mit distinkten, identifizierbaren organischen
Hirngewebsschädigungen direkte anatomische Korrelate für die Amnesie nachweisen lassen,
sind bei Patienten mit psychogenen Amnesien Änderungen in der Biochemie des Hirns
(Stresshormonfreisetzungen, Transmitterausschüttungen) als physiologische Grundlage
der Gedächtnisstörungen anzusehen.
Abstract
A differentiation of memory is possible on the basis of chronological and contents-related
aspects. Furthermore, it is possible to make process-specific subdivisions (encoding,
transfer, consolidation, retrieval). The time-related division on the one hand refers
to the general differentiation into short-term and long-term memory, and, on the other,
to that between anterograde and retrograde memory (“new” and “old memory”; measured
from a given time point, usually that when brain damage occurred). Anterograde memory
means the successful encoding and storing of new information; retrograde the ability
to retrieve successfully acquired and/or stored information. On the contents-based
level, memory can be divided into five basic long-term systems - episodic memory,
the knowledge system, perceptual, procedural and the priming form of memory. Neural
correlates for these divisions are discussed with special emphasis of the episodic
and the knowledge systems, based both on normal individuals and brain-damaged subjects.
It is argued that structures of the limbic system are important for encoding of information
and for its transfer into long-term memory. For this, two independent, but interacting
memory circuits are proposed - one of them controlling and integrating primarily the
emotional, and the other primarily the cognitive components of newly incoming information.
For information storage principally neocortical structures are regarded as important
and for the recall of information from the episodic and semantic memory systems the
combined action of portions of prefrontal and anterior temporal regions is regarded
as essential. Within this fronto-temporal agglomerate, a moderate hemispheric-specificity
is assumed to exist with the right-hemispheric combination being mainly engaged in
episodic memory retrieval and the left-hemispheric in that of semantic information.
Evidence for this specialization comes from the results from focally brain-damaged
patients as well as from that functional brain imaging in normal human subjects. Comparing
results from imaging studies in memory disturbed patients with brain damage and from
patients with a psychiatric diagnosis (e. g., psychogenic amnesia) revealed that both
patient groups demonstrate comparable metabolic changes on the brain level. It can
therefore be concluded that in neurological patients distinct, identifiable tissue
damage is existent, while in psychiatric patients changes in the brain's biochemistry
(release of stress hormones, and transmitters) constitute the physiological bases
for the memory disturbances.
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Dr. P. Calabrese
Neurologische Universitätsklinik - Bereich Neuropsychologie
In der Schornau 23-25
44892 Bochum
