Zusammenfassung
Aus der physikalische Natur des Laserlichtes ergeben sich Anwendungen des Lasers in
der Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, die über das „Laserskalpell” weit hinaus gehen. In
der folgenden Arbeit wird der Laser als ein optisches Messinstrument vorgestellt,
welches aus der modernen Mittel- und Innenohrforschung nicht mehr wegzudenken ist.
Durch seine kontaktfreie Funktionsweise ist er wie kein anderes Messmittel geeignet,
die nur wenige Nanometer kleinen Schwingungsamplituden des Mittelohres und der Cochlea
aufzunehmen. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden häufig eingesetzte Lasermesstechniken
zusammengestellt, wie sie in den letzten Jahren in der Ohrforschung verwendet wurden.
Für das Mittel- und Innenohr können detaillierte Anwendungen und neue experimentelle
Ergebnisse der Laserinterferometrie genannt werden. Am Beispiel des Mittelohres wird
gezeigt, wie aus Lasermessungen die Schwingform des gesunden Trommelfell-Gehörknöchelchenkomplexes
in verschiedenen Frequenzbereichen bildlich dargestellt werden kann. Versuche am Felsenbeinpräparat
demonstrieren die Laseranwendung bei der Mittelohrimplantatentwicklung. Erste klinische
Untersuchungen beschreiben den Einsatz der Laserinterferometrie zur Messung der Ossikelkettenschwingungsfähigkeit
am Patienten. Damit kann die Methode zukünftig als Ergänzung zur bestehenden Hördiagnostik
eingesetzt werden und zusätzliche Informationen über die Funktion des Mittelohres
hinter intaktem Trommelfell liefern. In der Innenohrforschung dient die Laserinterferometrie
der Untersuchung der Basilarmembranschwingung und der Mikromechanik des Cortischen
Organs. Beispielhaft wird gezeigt, wie sich mit dieser Methode Schwingungen der Basilarmembran
bis in den Zellbereich messen lassen. Die Ergebnisse dienen der Weiterentwicklung
bestehender Cochleamodelle und dem besseren Verständnis des cochleären Verstärkers.
Schlüsselwörter
Laser - Interferometrie - Mittelohrmechanik - Cochleamechanik - Mittelohrimplantat
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Dr. med. Thomas Zahnert
Universitäts-HNO-Klinik Dresden
Fetscherstraße 74 · 01307 Dresden ·
Email: thomas.zahnert@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
