8 Laser in der Ohrforschung

Zusammenfassung

Aus der physikalische Natur des Laserlichtes ergeben sich Anwendungen des Lasers in der Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, die über das „Laserskalpell” weit hinaus gehen. In der folgenden Arbeit wird der Laser als ein optisches Messinstrument vorgestellt, welches aus der modernen Mittel- und Innenohrforschung nicht mehr wegzudenken ist. Durch seine kontaktfreie Funktionsweise ist er wie kein anderes Messmittel geeignet, die nur wenige Nanometer kleinen Schwingungsamplituden des Mittelohres und der Cochlea aufzunehmen. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden häufig eingesetzte Lasermesstechniken zusammengestellt, wie sie in den letzten Jahren in der Ohrforschung verwendet wurden. Für das Mittel- und Innenohr können detaillierte Anwendungen und neue experimentelle Ergebnisse der Laserinterferometrie genannt werden. Am Beispiel des Mittelohres wird gezeigt, wie aus Lasermessungen die Schwingform des gesunden Trommelfell-Gehörknöchelchenkomplexes in verschiedenen Frequenzbereichen bildlich dargestellt werden kann. Versuche am Felsenbeinpräparat demonstrieren die Laseranwendung bei der Mittelohrimplantatentwicklung. Erste klinische Untersuchungen beschreiben den Einsatz der Laserinterferometrie zur Messung der Ossikelkettenschwingungsfähigkeit am Patienten. Damit kann die Methode zukünftig als Ergänzung zur bestehenden Hördiagnostik eingesetzt werden und zusätzliche Informationen über die Funktion des Mittelohres hinter intaktem Trommelfell liefern. In der Innenohrforschung dient die Laserinterferometrie der Untersuchung der Basilarmembranschwingung und der Mikromechanik des Cortischen Organs. Beispielhaft wird gezeigt, wie sich mit dieser Methode Schwingungen der Basilarmembran bis in den Zellbereich messen lassen. Die Ergebnisse dienen der Weiterentwicklung bestehender Cochleamodelle und dem besseren Verständnis des cochleären Verstärkers.

Schlüsselwörter

Laser - Interferometrie - Mittelohrmechanik - Cochleamechanik - Mittelohrimplantat

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