Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2004; 17(4): 221-230
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-836942
Copyright © 2004 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Human Papillomavirus, Condylomata Acuminata, and Anal Neoplasia

George J. Chang1 , Mark L. Welton2
  • 1Department of Surgical Oncology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
  • 2Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
15 November 2004 (online)

ABSTRACT

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an increasingly common sexually transmitted disease. This virus causes condylomata acuminata and is associated with anal neoplasia. Management options are discussed.

REFERENCES

  • 1 Cates W. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. American Social Health Association Panel.  Sex Transm Dis. 1999;  26(4 suppl) S2-S7
  • 2 Munoz N, Bosch F X, de Sanjose S et al.. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer.  N Engl J Med. 2003;  348 518-527
  • 3 World Health Organization .IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Human Papillomaviruses. Vol 64. Lyons, France; IARC 1995
  • 4 Galloway D A. Biology of Human Papillomaviruses. In: Holmes K, Mardh P, Sparling P Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 3rd ed. New York, NY; McGraw-Hill 1999: 335-346
  • 5 Richart R M, Masood S, Syrjanen K J et al.. Human papillomavirus. International Academy of Cytology Task Force summary. Diagnostic Cytology Towards the 21st Century: An International Expert Conference and Tutorial.  Acta Cytol. 1998;  42 50-58
  • 6 Bosch F X, de Sanjose S. Chapter 1: Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer-burden and assessment of causality.  J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs. 2003;  (31) 3-13
  • 7 Cope J, Hildesheim A, Schiffman M et al.. Comparison of the hybrid capture tube test and PCR for detection of human papillomavirus DNA in cervical specimens.  J Clin Microbiol. 1997;  35 2262-2265
  • 8 Moscicki A B, Hills N, Shiboski S et al.. Risks for incident human papillomavirus infection and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion development in young females.  JAMA. 2001;  285 2995-3002
  • 9 Woodman C B, Collins S, Winter H et al.. Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection in young women: a longitudinal cohort study.  Lancet. 2001;  357 1831-1836
  • 10 Ho G YF, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang C J, Burk R D. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women.  N Engl J Med. 1998;  338 423-428
  • 11 Piketty C, Darragh T M, Da Costa M et al.. High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer precursors among HIV-infected persons in the absence of anal intercourse.  Ann Intern Med. 2003;  138 453-459 , Summary for patients in Ann Intern Med 2003;  138 I44
  • 12 Jenny C, Verdon M, Siegel N et al.. Association of anal dysplasia and human papillomavirus with immunosuppression and HIV infection among homosexual men.  Ann Intern Med. 1993;  118 844-849
  • 13 Sonnex C, Scholefield J H, Kocjan G et al.. Anal human papillomavirus infection in heterosexuals with genital warts: prevalence and relation with sexual behaviour.  BMJ. 1991;  303 1243
  • 14 Palefsky J M, Holly E A, Ralston M L, Jay N. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men.  J Infect Dis. 1998;  177 361-367
  • 15 Scholefield J H, Hickson W G, Smith J H, Rogers K, Sharp F. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia: part of a multifocal disease process.  Lancet. 1992;  340 1271-1273
  • 16 Ogunbiyi O A, Scholefield J H, Robertson G, Smith J H, Sharp F, Rogers K. Anal human papillomavirus infection and squamous neoplasia in patients with invasive vulvar cancer.  Obstet Gynecol. 1994;  83 212-216
  • 17 Holly E A, Ralston M L, Darragh T M, Greenblatt R M, Jay N, Palefsky J M. Prevalence and risk factors for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in women.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;  93 843-849
  • 18 Sohn N, Robilotti J G. The gay bowel syndrome. A review of colonic and rectal conditions in 200 male homosexuals.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1977;  67 478-484
  • 19 Koutsky L. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection.  Am J Med. 1997;  102(5A) 3-8
  • 20 Schiffman M H. Recent progress in defining the epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;  84 394-398
  • 21 Roden R B, Lowy D R, Schiller J T. Papillomavirus is resistant to desiccation.  J Infect Dis. 1997;  176 1076-1079
  • 22 Williams T S, Callen J P, Owen L G. Vulvar disorders in the prepubertal female.  Pediatr Ann. 1986;  15 588-589 592-601 604-605
  • 23 Swerdlow D B, Salvati E P. Condyloma acuminatum.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1971;  14 226-231
  • 24 Abcarian H, Sharon N. Long-term effectiveness of the immunotherapy of anal condyloma acuminatum.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1982;  25 648-651
  • 25 Abcarian H, Sharon N. The effectiveness of immunotherapy in the treatment of anal condyloma acuminatum.  J Surg Res. 1977;  22 231-236
  • 26 Landsberg K, Bear R A. Severe condylomata acuminata in a renal transplant recipient.  Am J Nephrol. 1986;  6 325-326
  • 27 Puy-Montbrun T, Denis J, Ganansia R, Mathoniere F, Lemarchand N, Arnous-Dubois N. Anorectal lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 1992;  7 26-30
  • 28 Palefsky J M, Holly E A, Ralston M L, Jay N, Berry J M, Darragh T M. High incidence of anal high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions among HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual and bisexual men.  AIDS. 1998;  12 495-503
  • 29 Palefsky J M. Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: relation to HIV and human papillomavirus infection.  J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;  21(suppl 1) S42-S48
  • 30 Goedert J J, Cote T R, Virgo P et al.. Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders.  Lancet. 1998;  351 1833-1839
  • 31 Culp O S, Kaplan I W. Condylomata acuminata: two hundred cases treated with podophyllin.  Ann Surg. 1944;  120 251-256
  • 32 Beutner K R, Conant M A, Friedman-Kien A E et al.. Patient-applied podofilox for treatment of genital warts.  Lancet. 1989;  1 831-834
  • 33 Jensen S L. Comparison of podophyllin application with simple surgical excision in clearance and recurrence of perianal condylomata acuminata.  Lancet. 1985;  2 1146-1148
  • 34 von Krogh G. Topical treatment of penile condylomata acuminata with podophyllin, podophyllotoxin and colchicine. A comparative study.  Acta Derm Venereol. 1978;  58 163-168
  • 35 Simmons P D. Podophyllin 10% and 25% in the treatment of ano-genital warts. A comparative double-blind study.  Br J Vener Dis. 1981;  57 208-209
  • 36 Schlappner O L, Shaffer E A. Anorectal condylomata acuminata: a missed part of the condyloma spectrum.  Can Med Assoc J. 1978;  118 172-173
  • 37 Miller R A. Podophyllin.  Int J Dermatol. 1985;  24 491-498
  • 38 Karol M D, Conner C S, Watanabe A S, Murphrey K J. Podophyllum: suspected teratogenicity from topical application.  Clin Toxicol. 1980;  16 283-286
  • 39 Fisher A A. Severe systemic and local reactions to topical podophyllum resin.  Cutis. 1981;  28 233-236 , 242 passim
  • 40 Moher L M, Maurer S A. Podophyllum toxicity: case report and literature review.  J Fam Pract. 1979;  9 237-240
  • 41 Montaldi D H, Giambrone J P, Courey N G, Taefi P. Podophyllin poisoning associated with the treatment of condyloma acuminatum: a case report.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;  119 1130-1131
  • 42 Tyring S, Edwards L, Cherry L K et al.. Safety and efficacy of 0.5% podofilox gel in the treatment of anogenital warts.  Arch Dermatol. 1998;  134 33-38
  • 43 Bonnez W, Elswick R K, Bailey-Farchione A et al.. Efficacy and safety of 0.5% podofilox solution in the treatment and suppression of anogenital warts.  Am J Med. 1994;  96 420-425
  • 44 Weismann K, Kassis V. Treatment of condyloma acuminatum with 0.5% 5-fluorouracil-solution: a double-blind clinical trial.  Z Hautkr. 1982;  57 810-816
  • 45 Stone K M, Becker T M, Hadgu A, Kraus S J. Treatment of external genital warts: a randomised clinical trial comparing podophyllin, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation.  Genitourin Med. 1990;  66 16-19
  • 46 Kraus S J, Stone K M. Management of genital infection caused by human papillomavirus.  Rev Infect Dis. 1990;  12(suppl 6) S620-S632
  • 47 Cheng S F, Veenema R J. Topical application of thio-tepa to penile and urethral tumors.  J Urol. 1965;  94 259-262
  • 48 Figueroa S, Gennaro A R. Intralesional bleomycin injection in treatment of condyloma acuminatum.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1980;  23 550-551
  • 49 Georgala S, Danopoulou I, Katsarou A. Dinitrochlorobenzene treatment of condylomata acuminata.  Australas J Dermatol. 1989;  30 103-105
  • 50 Happonen H P, Lassus A, Santalahti J, Forsstrom S, Lassus J. Topical idoxuridine for treatment of genital warts in males. A double-blind comparative study of 0.25% and 0.5% cream.  Genitourin Med. 1990;  66 254-256
  • 51 Friedman-Kien A E, Eron L J, Conant M et al.. Natural interferon alfa for treatment of condylomata acuminata.  JAMA. 1988;  259 533-538
  • 52 Horowitz B J. Interferon therapy for condylomatous vulvitis.  Obstet Gynecol. 1989;  73 (3 Pt 1) 446-448
  • 53 Eron L J, Judson F, Tucker S et al.. Interferon therapy for condylomata acuminata.  N Engl J Med. 1986;  315 1059-1064
  • 54 Congilosi S M, Madoff R D. Current therapy for recurrent and extensive anal warts.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;  38 1101-1107
  • 55 Fleshner P R, Freilich M I. Adjuvant interferon for anal condyloma. A prospective, randomized trial.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 1255-1259
  • 56 Schonfeld A, Nitke S, Schattner A et al.. Intramuscular human interferon-beta injections in treatment of condylomata acuminata.  Lancet. 1984;  1 1038-1042
  • 57 [No authors listed] . Recurrent condylomata acuminata treated with recombinant interferon alpha-2a. A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.Comdylomata International Collaborative Study Group.  Acta Derm Venereol. 1993;  73 223-226
  • 58 Mayeaux E J, Harper M B, Barksdale W, Pope J B. Noncervical human papillomavirus genital infections.  Am Fam Physician. 1995;  52 1137-1146 1149-1150
  • 59 Rockley P F, Tyring S K. Interferons alpha, beta and gamma therapy of anogenital human papillomavirus infections.  Pharmacol Ther. 1995;  65 265-287
  • 60 Douglas J M, Rogers M, Judson F N. The effect of asymptomatic infection with HTLV-III on the response of anogenital warts to intralesional treatment with recombinant alpha 2 interferon.  J Infect Dis. 1986;  154 331-334
  • 61 Skinner Jr R B. Imiquimod.  Dermatol Clin. 2003;  21 291-300
  • 62 Biberstein H. Immunization therapy of warts.  Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1944;  50 12-22
  • 63 Breitburd F, Coursaget P. Human papillomavirus vaccines.  Semin Cancer Biol. 1999;  9 431-444
  • 64 Berry J M, Palefsky J M. A review of human papillomavirus vaccines: from basic science to clinical trials.  Front Biosci. 2003;  8 s333-s345
  • 65 Baggish M S. Carbon dioxide laser treatment for condylomata acuminata venereal infections.  Obstet Gynecol. 1980;  55 711-715
  • 66 Billingham R P, Lewis F G. Laser versus electrical cautery in the treatment of condylomata acuminata of the anus.  Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1982;  155 865-867
  • 67 Dixon J A, Gilbertson J J. Cutaneous laser therapy.  West J Med. 1985;  143 758-763
  • 68 Duus B R, Philipsen T, Christensen J D, Lundvall F, Sondergaard J. Refractory condylomata acuminata: a controlled clinical trial of carbon dioxide laser versus conventional surgical treatment.  Genitourin Med. 1985;  61 59-61
  • 69 Ferenczy A, Bergeron C, Richart R M. Human papillomavirus DNA in CO2 laser-generated plume of smoke and its consequences to the surgeon.  Obstet Gynecol. 1990;  75 114-118
  • 70 Garden J M, O'Banion M K, Shelnitz L S et al.. Papillomavirus in the vapor of carbon dioxide laser-treated verrucae.  JAMA. 1988;  259 1199-1202
  • 71 Hallmo P, Naess O. Laryngeal papillomatosis with human papillomavirus DNA contracted by a laser surgeon.  Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1991;  248 425-427
  • 72 Godley M J, Bradbeer C S, Gellan M, Thin R N. Cryotherapy compared with trichloroacetic acid in treating genital warts.  Genitourin Med. 1987;  63 390-392
  • 73 Simmons P D, Langlet F, Thin R N. Cryotherapy versus electrocautery in the treatment of genital warts.  Br J Vener Dis. 1981;  57 273-274
  • 74 Thomson J P, Grace R H. The treatment of perianal and anal condylomata acuminata: a new operative technique.  J R Soc Med. 1978;  71 180-185
  • 75 Khawaja H T. Podophyllin versus scissor excision in the treatment of perianal condylomata acuminata: a prospective study.  Br J Surg. 1989;  76 1067-1068
  • 76 Hoyme U B, Hagedorn M, Schindler A E et al.. Effect of adjuvant imiquimod 5% cream on sustained clearance of anogenital warts following laser treatment.  Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2002;  10 79-88
  • 77 Division of STD prevention. Prevention of Genital HPV Infection and Sequelae: Report of an External Consultants' Meeting December 1999 Atlanta, GA; Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Reports-publication/99Hpr
  • 78 Frisch M, Glimelius B, van den Brule A JC et al.. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer.  N Engl J Med. 1997;  337 1350-1358
  • 79 Schiffman M H, Castle P. Epidemiologic studies of a necessary causal risk factor: human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;  95 E2
  • 80 Chang G J, Welton M L. Anal neoplasia.  Sem Colon Rectal Surg. 2003;  14 111-118
  • 81 Critchlow C W, Hawes S E, Kuypers J M et al.. Effect of HIV infection on the natural history of anal human papillomavirus infection.  AIDS. 1998;  12 1177-1184
  • 82 Goldie S J, Kuntz K M, Weinstein M C, Freedberg K A, Palefsky J M. Cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and anal cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-negative homosexual and bisexual men.  Am J Med. 2000;  108 634-641
  • 83 Goldie S J, Kuntz K M, Weinstein M C, Freedberg K A, Welton M L, Palefsky J M. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in homosexual and bisexual HIV-positive men.  JAMA. 1999;  281 1822-1829
  • 84 Litle V R, Leavenworth J D, Darragh T M et al.. Angiogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis in anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;  43 346-352
  • 85 Duggan M A. A review of the natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.  Gan to Kagaku Ryoho [Japanese Journal of Cancer & Chemotherapy]. 2002;  29(suppl 1) 176-193
  • 86 Palefsky J M, Holly E A, Hogeboom C J et al.. Virologic, immunologic, and clinical parameters in the incidence and progression of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men.  J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998;  17 314-319
  • 87 Sobhani I, Vuagnat A, Walker F et al.. Prevalence of high-grade dysplasia and cancer in the anal canal in human papillomavirus-infected individuals.  , [comment] Gastroenterology. 2001;  120 857-866
  • 88 Critchlow C W, Surawicz C M, Holmes K K et al.. Prospective study of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial neoplasia in a cohort of homosexual men: influence of HIV infection, immunosuppression and human papillomavirus infection.  AIDS. 1995;  9 1255-1262
  • 89 Strauss R J, Fazio V W. Bowen's disease of the anal and perianal area. A report and analysis of twelve cases.  Am J Surg. 1979;  137 231-234
  • 90 Marchesa P, Fazio V W, Oliart S, Goldblum J R, Lavery I C. Perianal Bowen's disease: a clinicopathologic study of 47 patients.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40 1286-1293
  • 91 Marfing T E, Abel M E, Gallagher D M. Perianal Bowen's disease and associated malignancies. Results of a survey.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1987;  30 782-785
  • 92 Welton M L, Leavenworth J D, Litle V R et al.. Perianal Bowen's disease and anal high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) are histologically and immunohistochemically indistinguishable. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons; June 3-7 2001 San Diego, CA
  • 93 Chang G J, Berry J M, Jay N, Palefsky J M, Welton M L. Surgical treatment of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: a prospective study.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;  45 453-458
  • 94 Jay N, Berry J M, Hogeboom C J, Holly E A, Darragh T M, Palefsky J M. Colposcopic appearance of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: relationship to histopathology.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;  40 919-928

George J ChangM.D. 

Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 444, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center

1400 Holcombe Blvd, FC 12.3004

Houston, TX 77230-1402

Email: gchang@mdanderson.org

    >