Vasopressin

Cheryl L. Holmes; James A. Russell

doi:10.1055/s-2004-860984

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Table of Contents

Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 25(6): 705-711
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-860984

Vasopressin

Cheryl L. Holmes¹ ^, ² , James A. Russell³

¹Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
²Critical Care Medicine, Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
³James Hogg Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Vasopressin is a hormone that is essential for both osmotic and cardiovascular homeostasis. A deficiency of vasopressin exists in some shock states and replacement of physiological levels of vasopressin can restore vascular tone. Vasopressin is therefore emerging as a rational therapy for vasodilatory shock. In this article we review the rationale and summarize the evidence for using vasopressin in vasodilatory shock states, such as septic shock. We then highlight the areas of uncertainty in using vasopressin for septic shock and summarize the reasons for clinical equipoise. We close by suggesting that further randomized controlled trials of vasopressin in septic shock are required before vasopressin is used routinely for management of septic shock.

KEYWORDS

Vasopressins - sepsis syndrome - shock - septic - antidiurectic hormone - receptors

Full Text

References

REFERENCES

1 Holmes C L, Patel B M, Russell J A, Walley K R. Physiology of vasopressin relevant to management of septic shock. Chest. 2001; 120 989-1002
2 Landry D W, Oliver J A. The pathogenesis of vasodilatory shock. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345 588-595
3 Oliver H, Schaefer E A. On the physiological action of extracts of the pituitary body and certain other glandular organs. J Physiol. 1895; 18 277-279
4 von den Velden R. Die nierenwirkung von hypophysenextrakten beim menshen. Berl Klin Wochenschr. 1913; 50 2083-2086
5 Verney E B. The antidiuretic hormone and the factor which determines its release. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1947; 135 25-106
6 Laszlo F A, Laszlo Jr F, De Wied D. Pharmacology and clinical perspectives of vasopressin antagonists. Pharmacol Rev. 1991; 43 73-108
7 Turner R A, Pierce J G, Du Vigneaud V. The purification and the amino acid content of vasopressin preparation. J Biol Chem. 1951; 191 21
8 Du Vigneaud V, Gash D T, Katsoyannis P G. A synthetic preparation possessing biological properties associated with arginine-vasopressin. J Am Chem Soc. 1954; 76 4751-4752
9 Goetz K L, Bond G C, Smith W E. Effect of moderate hemorrhage in humans on plasma ADH and renin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1974; 145 277-280
10 Wilson M F, Brackett D J, Tompkins P, Benjamin B, Archer L T, Hinshaw L B. Elevated plasma vasopressin concentrations during endotoxin and E. coli shock. Adv Shock Res. 1981; 6 15-26
11 Morales D, Madigan J, Cullinane S et al.. Reversal by vasopressin of intractable hypotension in the late phase of hemorrhagic shock. Circulation. 1999; 100 226-229
12 Errington M L, Rocha e Silva Jr M. The secretion and clearance of vasopressin during the development of irreversible haemorrhagic shock. J Physiol. 1971; 217 43P-45P
13 Sharshar T, Blanchard A, Paillard M, Raphael J C, Gajdos P, Annane D. Circulating vasopressin levels in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31 1752-1758
14 Reid I A. Role of vasopressin deficiency in the vasodilation of septic shock. Circulation. 1997; 95 1108-1110
15 Sharshar T, Carlier R, Blanchard A et al.. Depletion of neurohypophyseal content of vasopressin in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2002; 30 497-500
16 Garrard C S, Kontoyannis D A, Piepoli M. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the sepsis syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 1993; 3 5-13
17 Zerbe R L, Henry D P, Robertson G L. Vasopressin response to orthostatic hypotension: etiologic and clinical implications. Am J Med. 1983; 74 265-271
18 Landry D W, Levin H R, Gallant E M et al.. Vasopressin deficiency contributes to the vasodilation of septic shock. Circulation. 1997; 95 1122-1125
19 Day T A, Randle J C, Renaud L P. Opposing alpha- and beta-adrenergic mechanisms mediate dose-dependent actions of noradrenaline on supraoptic vasopressin neurones in vivo. Brain Res. 1985; 358 171-179
20 Holmes C L, Granton J T, Landry D W. Science review: vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 2-clinical physiology. Crit Care. 2004; 8 15-23
20a Thibonnier M, Coles P, Thibonnier A, Shoham M. Molecular pharmacology and modeling of vasopressin receptors. Prog Brain Res. 2002; 139 179-196
21 Wakatsuki T, Nakaya Y, Inoue I. Vasopressin modulates K(+)-channel activities of cultured smooth muscle cells from porcine coronary artery. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263(2 Pt 2) H491-H496
22 Landry D W, Oliver J A. The ATP-sensitive K+ channel mediates hypotension in endotoxemia and hypoxic lactic acidosis in dog. J Clin Invest. 1992; 89 2071-2074
23 Geisen K, Vegh A, Krause E, Papp J G. Cardiovascular effects of conventional sulfonylureas and glimepiride. Horm Metab Res. 1996; 28 496-507
24 Gardiner S M, Kemp P A, March J E, Bennett T. Regional haemodynamic responses to infusion of lipopolysaccharide in conscious rats: effects of pre- or post-treatment with glibenclamide. Br J Pharmacol. 1999; 128 1772-1778
25 Salzman A L, Vromen A, Denenberg A, Szabo C. K(ATP)-channel inhibition improves hemodynamics and cellular energetics in hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol. 1997; 272 (2 Pt 2) H688-H694
26 Bolotina V M, Najibi S, Palacino J J, Pagano P J, Cohen R A. Nitric oxide directly activates calcium-dependent potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Nature. 1994; 368 850-853
27 Archer S L, Huang J M, Hampl V, Nelson D P, Shultz P J, Weir E K. Nitric oxide and cGMP cause vasorelaxation by activation of a charybdotoxin-sensitive K channel by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994; 91 7583-7587
28 Kilbourn R. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: a mechanism-based treatment of septic shock. Crit Care Med. 1999; 27 857-858
29 Umino T, Kusano E, Muto S et al.. AVP inhibits LPS- and IL-1beta-stimulated NO and cGMP via V1 receptor in cultured rat mesangial cells. Am J Physiol. 1999; 276(3 Pt 2) F433-F441
30 Karmazyn M, Manku M S, Horrobin D F. Changes of vascular reactivity induced by low vasopressin concentrations: interactions with cortisol and lithium and possible involvement of prostaglandins. Endocrinology. 1978; 102 1230-1236
31 Noguera I, Medina P, Segarra G et al.. Potentiation by vasopressin of adrenergic vasoconstriction in the rat isolated mesenteric artery. Br J Pharmacol. 1997; 122 431-438
32 Emori T, Hirata Y, Ohta K et al.. Cellular mechanism of endothelin-1 release by angiotensin and vasopressin. Hypertension. 1991; 18 165-170
33 Caramelo C, Okada K, Tsai P, Linas S L, Schrier R W. Interaction of arginine vasopressin and angiotensin II on Ca2+ in vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Int. 1990; 38 47-54
34 Iversen B M, Arendshorst W J. ANG II and vasopressin stimulate calcium entry in dispersed smooth muscle cells of preglomerular arterioles. Am J Physiol. 1998; 274(3 Pt 2) F498-F508
34a Thibonnier M, Conarty D M, Preston J A, Wilkins P L, Berti-Mattera L N, Mattera R. Molecular pharmacology of human vasopressin receptors. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998; 449 251-276
35 Holmes C L, Landry D W, Granton J T. Science review: vasopressin and the cardiovascular system, I: Receptor physiology. Crit Care. 2003; 7 427-434
36 Walker B R, Haynes Jr J, Wang H L, Voelkel N F. Vasopressin-induced pulmonary vasodilation in rats. Am J Physiol. 1989; 257(2 Pt 2) H415-H422
37 Eichinger M R, Russ R D, Walker B R. Potassium channels are not involved in vasopressin-induced vasodilation in the rat lung. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266(2 Pt 2) H491-H495
38 Russ R D, Walker B R. Role of nitric oxide in vasopressinergic pulmonary vasodilatation. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262(3 Pt 2) H743-H747
39 Evora P R, Pearson P J, Schaff H V. Arginine vasopressin induces endothelium-dependent vasodilatation of the pulmonary artery: V1-receptor-mediated production of nitric oxide. Chest. 1993; 103 1241-1245
40 Suzuki Y, Satoh S, Oyama H, Takayasu M, Shibuya M. Regional differences in the vasodilator response to vasopressin in canine cerebral arteries in vivo. Stroke. 1993; 24 1049-1053: , discussion 1053-1044
41 Vanhoutte P M, Katusic Z S, Shepherd J T. Vasopressin induces endothelium-dependent relaxations of cerebral and coronary, but not of systemic arteries. J Hypertens Suppl. 1984; 2 S421-S422
42 Oyama H, Suzuki Y, Satoh S et al.. Role of nitric oxide in the cerebral vasodilatory responses to vasopressin and oxytocin in dogs. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1993; 13 285-290
43 Rudichenko V M, Beierwaltes W H. Arginine vasopressin-induced renal vasodilation mediated by nitric oxide. J Vasc Res. 1995; 32 100-105
44 Tamaki T, Kiyomoto K, He H et al.. Vasodilation induced by vasopressin V2 receptor stimulation in afferent arterioles. Kidney Int. 1996; 49 722-729
45 Okamura T, Ayajiki K, Fujioka H, Toda N. Mechanisms underlying arginine vasopressin-induced relaxation in monkey isolated coronary arteries. J Hypertens. 1999; 17 673-678
46 Rapps J A, Jones A W, Sturek M, Magliola L, Parker J L. Mechanisms of altered contractile responses to vasopressin and endothelin in canine coronary collateral arteries. Circulation. 1997; 95 231-239
47 Thibonnier M, Conarty D M, Preston J A, Plesnicher C L, Dweik R A, Erzurum S C. Human vascular endothelial cells express oxytocin receptors. Endocrinology. 1999; 140 1301-1309
48 Holmes C L, Walley K R, Chittock D R, Lehman T, Russell J A. The effects of vasopressin on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock: a case series. Intensive Care Med. 2001; 27 1416-1421
49 Patel B M, Chittock D R, Russell J A, Walley K R. Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock. Anesthesiology. 2002; 96 576-582
50 Landry D W, Levin H R, Gallant E M et al.. Vasopressin pressor hypersensitivity in vasodilatory septic shock. Crit Care Med. 1997; 25 1279-1282
51 Malay M B, Ashton Jr R C, Landry D W, Townsend R N. Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. J Trauma. 1999; 47 699-703: , discussion 703-695
52 Argenziano M, Choudhri A F, Oz M C, Rose E A, Smith C R, Landry D W. A prospective randomized trial of arginine vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory shock after left ventricular assist device placement. Circulation. 1997; 96(9 Suppl) II-286-290
53 Argenziano M, Chen J M, Choudhri A F et al.. Management of vasodilatory shock after cardiac surgery: identification of predisposing factors and use of a novel pressor agent. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998; 116 973-980
54 Argenziano M, Chen J M, Cullinane S et al.. Arginine vasopressin in the management of vasodilatory hypotension after cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999; 18 814-817
55 Rosenzweig E B, Starc T J, Chen J M et al.. Intravenous arginine-vasopressin in children with vasodilatory shock after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999; 100(19 Suppl) II182-II186
56 Morales D L, Gregg D, Helman D N et al.. Arginine vasopressin in the treatment of 50 patients with postcardiotomy vasodilatory shock. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000; 69 102-106
57 Chen J M, Cullinane S, Spanier T B et al.. Vasopressin deficiency and pressor hypersensitivity in hemodynamically unstable organ donors. Circulation. 1999; 100(19 Suppl) II244-II246
58 Gold J A, Cullinane S, Chen J, Oz M C, Oliver J A, Landry D W. Vasopressin as an alternative to norepinephrine in the treatment of milrinone-induced hypotension. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28 249-252
59 Dünser M W, Mayr A J, Ulmer H et al.. The effects of vasopressin on systemic hemodynamics in catecholamine-resistant septic and postcardiotomy shock: a retrospective analysis. Anesth Analg. 2001; 93 7-13
60 Dünser M W, Mayr A J, Stallinger A et al.. Cardiac performance during vasopressin infusion in postcardiotomy shock. Intensive Care Med. 2002; 28 746-751
60a Gold J, Cullinane S, Chen J et al.. Vasopressin in the treatment of milrinone-induced hypotension in severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 85 506-508, , A511
61 Cowley Jr A W, Cushman W C, Quillen Jr E W, Skelton M M, Langford H G. Vasopressin elevation in essential hypertension and increased responsiveness to sodium intake. Hypertension. 1981; 3(3 Pt 2) I93-100
62 Dünser M W, Mayr A J, Tur A et al.. Ischemic skin lesions as a complication of continuous vasopressin infusion in catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock: incidence and risk factors. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31 1394-1398
63 Klinzing S, Simon M, Reinhart K, Bredle D L, Meier-Hellmann A. High-dose vasopressin is not superior to norepinephrine in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31 2646-2650
64 Dubois M J, De Backer D, Creteur J, Anane S, Vincent J L. Effect of vasopressin on sublingual microcirculation in a patient with distributive shock. Intensive Care Med. 2003; 29 1020-1023
65 Sun Q, Dimopoulos G, Nguyen D N et al.. Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of septic shock in sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 168 481-486
66 Nasraway S A. Norepinephrine: no more “leave ’em dead”?. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28 3096-3098
67 Avontuur J A, Tutein Nolthenius R P, Buijk S L, Kanhai K J, Bruining H A. Effect of L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, on cardiopulmonary function in human septic shock. Chest. 1998; 113 1640-1646
68 Avontuur J A, Tutein Nolthenius R P, van Bodegom J W, Bruining H A. Prolonged inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in severe septic shock: a clinical study. Crit Care Med. 1998; 26 660-667
69 Grover R, Zaccardelli D, Colice G, Guntupalli K, Watson D, Vincent J L. An open-label dose escalation study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(G)-methyl-L-arginine hydrochloride (546C88), in patients with septic shock. Glaxo Wellcome International Septic Shock Study Group. Crit Care Med. 1999; 27 913-922
70 Cobb J P. Use of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors to treat septic shock: the light has changed from yellow to red. Crit Care Med. 1999; 27 855-856
71 Bellomo R, Chapman M, Finfer S, Hickling K, Myburgh J KR. Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. Lancet. 2000; 356 2139-2143
72 Holmes C L, Walley K R. Bad medicine: low-dose dopamine in the ICU. Chest. 2003; 123 1266-1275

James A RussellM.D.

James Hogg Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul’s Hospital

1081 Burrard St., Vancouver

BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada

Email: jrussell@mrl.ubc.ca