Behandlung von nicht-motorischen Symptomen im fortgeschrittenen Stadium des M. Parkinson

Zusammenfassung

Gegenwärtige medikamentöse Therapien sind in frühen Krankheitsstadien des Morbus Parkinson wirksam. Die Behandlung im fortgeschrittenen Stadium des Morbus Parkinson bleibt jedoch für Arzt und Patient eine Herausforderung. Trotz großem Nutzen der dopaminergen Therapie ist die Langzeitbehandlung bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten sowohl mit motorischen als auch mit nicht-motorischen Komplikationen verbunden. Letztere stellen eine wichtige Ursache der Behinderung vieler Parkinson-Patienten dar. Deshalb sollten Fortschritte in Prävention und Therapie solcher nicht-motorischer Probleme erreicht werden, was der Hauptaspekt dieser Übersicht ist.

Abstract

Current medical therapies for Parkinson disease (PD) are very effective in managing the early stages of the disorder. However, management of patients with advanced stage of PD remains a challenge for the physician and the patient. Despite many benefits of dopaminergic therapy, long-term treatment is associated with both motor and non-motor complications in the majority of patients. Last named are main sources of disability for many PD patients. Therefore, advances in the ability to prevent and treat these problems are critical in the management of these patients and are the major focus of this survey.

Literatur

• 1 Murai T, Muller U, Werheid K. et al . In vivo evidence for differential association of striatal dopamine and midbrain serotonin systems with neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease.  J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;  13 222-228
• 2 Sano M, Stern Y, Williams J. et al . Coexisting dementia and depression in Parkinson's disease.  Arch Neurol. 1989;  46 1284-1286
• 3 Santamaria J, Tolosa E, Valles A. Parkinson's disease with depression: a possible subgroup of idiopathic parkinsonism.  Neurology. 1986;  36 1130-1133
• 4 Cummings J L. Depression and Parkinson's disease: a review.  Am J Psychiatry. 1992;  149 443-454
• 5 Gotham A M, Brown R G, Marsden C D. Depression in Parkinson's disease: a quantitative and qualitative analysis.  J Neurol Neruosurg Psychiatry. 1986;  49 381-389
• 6 Huber S J, Paulson G W, Shuttleworth E C. Relationship of motor symptoms, intellectual impairment, and depression in Parkinson's disease.  Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;  51 855-858
• 7 Tandberg E, Larsden J P, Aarsland D. et al . The occurrence of depression in Parkinson's disease. A community-based study.  Arch Neurol. 1996;  53 175-179
• 8 Walsh K, Bennett G. Parkinson's disease and anxiety.  Postgrad Med J. 2001;  77 89-93
• 9 Shulman L M, Taback R L, Bean J. et al . Comorbidity of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 2001;  16 507-510
• 10 Mayeux R, Stern Y, Cote L. et al . Altered serotonin metabolism in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease.  Neurology. 1984;  34 642-646
• 11 Mayeux R, Stern Y, Sano M. et al . The relationsship of serotonin to depression in Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 1988;  3 237-244
• 12 Raisman R, Cash R, Agid Y. Parkinson's disease: decreased density of 3H-imipramine and 3H-paroxetine bindings sites in putamen.  Neurology. 1986;  36 556-560
• 13 Ring H A, Bench C J, Trimble M R. et al . Depression in Parkinson's disease. A positron emission study.  Br J Psychiatry. 1994;  165 333-339
• 14 Mayberg H S, Starkstein S E, Sadzot B. et al . Selective hypometabolism in the inferior frontal lobe in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease.  Ann Neurol. 1990;  28 57-64
• 15 Sargent P A, Kjaer K H, Bench C J. et al . Brain serotonin1A receptor binding measured by positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-1 000 635: effects of depression and antidepressant treatment.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;  57 174-180
• 16 Lemke M R, Fuchs G, Gemende I. et al . Depression and Parkinson's disease.  J Neurol. 2004;  251, Suppl 6 VI/24-27
• 17 Lemke M R. Motor signs of depression.  Nervenarzt. 1999;  70 600-612
• 18 Fukunishi I, Hosokawa K, Ozaki S. Depression antedating the onset of Parkinson's disease.  JPN J Psychiatry Neurol. 1991;  45 7-11
• 19 Steuer E N, Ballering L A. Moclobemide and selegeline in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;  3 547
• 20 Lees A J, Shaw K M, Kohout L J. et al . Deprenyl in Parkinson's disease.  Lancet. 1977;  2 791-795
• 21 Moller J C, Oertel W H, Koster J. et al . Long-term efficacy and safety of pramipexole in advanced Parkinson's disease: results from a European multicenter trial.  Mov Disord. 2005;  20 602-610
• 22 Rektorova I, Rektor I, Bares M. et al . Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study.  Eur J Neurol. 2003;  10 399-406
• 23 Reichmann H, Brecht M H, Koster J. et al . Pramipexole in routine clinical practice: a prospective observational trial in Parkinson's disease.  CNS Drugs. 2003;  17 965-973
• 24 Parkinson Study Group . Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression.  J Am Med Assoc. 2002;  287 1653-1661
• 25 Whone A L, Watts R L, Stoessl A J. et al . Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole versus levodopa: the REAL-PET study.  Ann Neurol. 2003;  54 93-101
• 26 Tesei S, Antonini A, Canesi M. et al . Tolerability of paroxetine in Parkinson's disease: a prospective study.  Mov Disord. 2000;  15 986-989
• 27 Richard I H, Kurlan R. A survey of antidepressant drug use in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group.  Neurology. 1997;  49 1168-1170
• 28 Hauser R A, Zesiewicz T A. Sertraline for the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 1997;  12 756-759
• 29 Ceravolo R, Nuti A, Piccinni A. et al . Paroxetine in Parkinson's disease: effects on motor and depressive symptoms.  Neurology. 2000;  55 1216-1218
• 30 Richard I H, Maughn A, Kurlan R. Do serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants worsen Parkinson's disease? A retrospective case series.  Mov Disord. 1999;  14 155-157
• 31 Montgomery S A. Reboxetine: additional beliefs to the depressed patients.  J Psychopharmacol. 1997;  11, suppl S9-15
• 32 Fbrowm W A. Are antidepressants as ineffective as they look?.  Prevention & Treatment. 2002;  5 , article 25
• 33 International Marketing Services Health (2004) .Year-end U. S. Prescription and sales information and commentary. Fairfield (Connecticut); 2005
• 34 Moellentine C, Rummans T, Ahlskog J E. et al . Effectiveness of ECT in patients with parkinsonism.  J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;  10 187-193
• 35 Fuchs G A, Gemende I, Herting B. et al . Dementia in idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome.  J Neurol. 2004;  251, Suppl 6 VI/28-32
• 36 Cummings J L. Intellectual impairment in Parkinson's disease: clinical, pathologic, and biochemical correlates.  J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1988;  1 24-36
• 37 Aarsland D, Tandberg E, Larsden J P. et al . Frequency of dementia in Parkinson's disease.  Arch Neurol. 1996;  53 538-542
• 38 Levy G, Schupf N, Tang M X. et al . Combined effect of age and severity on the risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease.  Ann Neurol. 2002;  51 722-729
• 39 Emre M. What causes mental dysfunction in Parkinson's disease?.  Mov Disord. 2003;  18, Suppl 6 S63-71
• 40 Emre M. Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease.  Lancet Neurol. 2003;  2 229-237
• 41 Perry E K, Irving D, Kerwin J M. et al . Cholinergic transmitter and neurotrophic activities in Lewy body dementia: similarity to Parkinson's and distinction from Alzheimer disease.  Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1993;  7 69-79
• 42 Braak H, Rub U, Jansen Steur E N. et al . Cognitive status correlates with neuropathologic stage in Parkinson's disease.  Neurology. 2005;  64 1404-1410
• 43 Braak H, Tredici K Del, Rub U. et al . Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease.  Neurobiol Aging. 2003;  24 197-211
• 44 Lees A J, Smith E. Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease.  Brain. 1983;  106 257-270
• 45 Levy G, Tang M X, Louis E D. et al . The association of incident dementia with mortality in PD.  Neurology. 2002;  59 1708-1713
• 46 Louis E D, Marder K, Cote L. et al . Mortality from Parkinson disease.  Arch Neurol. 1997;  54 260-264
• 47 Sacks O W, Kohl M S, Messeloff C R. et al . Effects of levodopa in Parkinsonian patients with dementia.  Neurology. 1972;  22 516-519
• 48 Hietanen M, Teravainen H. Dementia and treatment with L-dopa in Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 1988;  3 263-270
• 49 Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A. et al . Rivastigmin for dementia associated with Parkinson's Disease.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  351 2509-2518
• 50 Leroi I, Brandt J, Reich S G. et al . Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.  Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;  19 1-8
• 51 Aarsland D, Hutchinson M. Galantamine for Parkinson's disease with dementia.  Eur Neuropsychopharm. 2002;  12, Suppl 12 S378-379
• 52 Goetz C G. Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: the clinical syndrome.  Adv Neurol. 1999;  80 419-423
• 53 Fenelon G, Mahieux F, Huon R. et al . Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors.  Brain. 2000;  123 733-745
• 54 Sanchez-Ramos J R, Ortoll R, Paulson G W. Visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson disease.  Arch Neurol. 1996;  53 1265-1268
• 55 Kulisevsky J, Roldyn E. Hallucinations and sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease.  Neurology. 2004;  63 (8, Suppl 3) S28-30
• 56 Rondot P, Recondo J De, Coignet A. et al . Mental disorders in Parkinson's disease after treatment with L-Dopa.  Adv Neurol. 1984;  40 259-269
• 57 Zoldan J, Friedberg G, Livneh M. et al . Psychosis in advanced Parkinson's disease: treatment with ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.  Neurology. 1995;  45 1305-1308
• 58 The Parkinson Study Group . Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease.  N Engl J Med. 1999;  340 757-763
• 59 Meco G, Alessandri A, Giustini P. et al . Risperdone in levodopa-induced psychosis in advanced Parkinson's disease: an open-label, long-term study.  Mov Disord. 1997;  12 610-612
• 60 Lang A E, Sandor P, Duff J. Remoxipride in Parkinson's disease: differential response in patients with dyskinesias fluctuations versus psychosis.  Clin Neuropharmacol. 1995;  18 39-45
• 61 Spieker S, Stetter F, Klockgether T. Zotepine in levodopa-induced psychosis.  Mov Disord. 1995;  10 795-797
• 62 Wolters E C, Jansen E N, Tuynman-Qua H G. et al . Olanzapine in the treatment of dopaminomimetic psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease.  Neurolog. 1996;  47 1085-1087
• 63 Force M DT. Drugs to treat dementia and psychosis.  Mov Disord. 2002;  17 120-127
• 64 Targum S D, Abbott J L. Efficacy of quetiapine in Parkinson's patients with sychosis.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;  20 54-60
• 65 Fernandez H H, Friedman J H, Jacques C. et al . Quetiapine for the treatment of drug induces psychosis in Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 1999;  14 484-487
• 66 Goetz C G, Blasucci L M, Leurgans S. et al . Olanzapine and clozapine: comparative effects on motor function in hallucinating PD patients.  Neurology. 2000;  55 789-794
• 67 Bergman J, Lerner V. Successful use of donepezil for the treatment of psychotic symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease.  Clin Neuropharmacol. 2002;  25 107-110
• 68 Bullock R, Cameron A. Rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia and visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson's disease: a case series.  Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;  18 258-264
• 69 Martignoni E, Pacchetti C, Godi L. et al . Automatic disorders in Parkinson's disease.  J Neural Transm Suppl. 1995;  45 11-19
• 70 Swinn L, Schrag A, Viswanathan R. et al . Sweating dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 2003;  18 1459-1463
• 71 Yu M, Roane D M, Miner C R. et al . Dimensions of sexual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.  Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;  12 221-226
• 72 Hunter S. The rostral mesencephalon in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.  Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1985;  68 53-58
• 73 Langston J W, Forno L S. The hypothalamus in Parkinson's disease.  Ann Neurol. 1978;  3 129-133
• 74 Ohama E, Ikuta F. Parkinson's disease: distribution of Lewy bodies and monoamine neuron system.  Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1976;  34 311-319
• 75 Goldstein D S. Dysautonomia in Parkinson's disease: neurocardiological abnormalities.  Lancet Neurol. 2003;  2 669-676
• 76 Jancovic J, Gilden J L, Hiner B C. et al . Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with midodrine.  Am J Med. 1993;  95 38-48
• 77 Low P A, Gilden J L, Freeman R. et al . Efficacy of midodrine vs placebo in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. A randomized, double-blind multicenter study. Midodrine Study Group.  JAMA. 1997;  277 1046-1051
• 78 Hussain I F, Brady C M, Swinn M J. et al . Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;  71 371-374
• 79 Tandberg E, Larsen J P, Karlsen K. A community-based study of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 1998;  13 895-899
• 80 Schapira A H. Excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease.  Neurology. 2004;  63 (8, Suppl 3) S24-27
• 81 Schenck C H, Bundlie S R, Ettinger M G. et al . Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia.  Sleep. 1986;  9 293-308
• 82 Factor S A, McAlarney T, Sanchez-Ramos J R. et al . Sleep disorders and sleep effect in Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 1990;  5 280-285
• 83 Hogl B, Seppi K, Brandauer E. et al . Increased daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: a questionnaire survey.  Mov Disord. 2003;  18 319-323
• 84 Frucht S, Rogers J D, Greene P E. et al . Falling asleep at the wheel: motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole.  Neurology. 1999;  52 1908-1910
• 85 Hobson D E, Lang A E, Martin W R. et al . Excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden-onset sleep in Parkinson disease: a survey by the Canadian Movement Disorders Group.  JAMA. 2002;  287 455-463
• 86 Adler C H, Caviness J N, Hentz J G. et al . Randomized trial of modafinil for treating subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 2003;  18 287-293
• 87 Paus S, Brecht H M, Koster J. et al . Sleep attacks, daytime sleepiness, and dopamine agnostis in Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord. 2003;  18 659-667