RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-918592
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Vancomycin-resistente Enterokokken
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcusPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 19.5.2005
akzeptiert: 16.8.2005
Publikationsdatum:
21. Oktober 2005 (online)

Vancomycin-resistente Enterokokken (VRE) nehmen auch in Europa in besorgniserregender Weise zu. Obwohl Enterokokken nicht besonders virulent sind, können Enterokokken-Infektionen zu erheblichen Problemen führen, vor allem wegen einer meist schweren Grunderkrankung der Patienten und der damit assoziierten Abwehrschwäche. Klinisch bedeutsam sind zwei Enterokokkenarten: Enterococcus faecalis und Enterococcus faecium. E. faecalis ist die häufigste Art (ca. 85 % der klinischen Isolate) und gilt als virulenter im Vergleich zu E. faecium. Vancomycinresistenz ist bei E. faecalis ungewöhnlich. Bei den meisten VRE handelt es sich um E. faecium. Im Zeitraum 2000 - 2002 waren in Deutschland 4,8 % der E. faecium-Isolate resistent oder intermediär empfindlich gegen Vancomycin, dagegen nur 0,3 % der E. faecalis-Isolate [24].
Die Vancomycinresistenz bei Enterokokken ist häufig verbunden mit Mehrfachresistenz, die auch Ampicillin und andere Penicilline einschließt. In den meisten Fällen besteht eine Kreuzresistenz gegenüber Teicoplanin, dem zweiten in Deutschland zugelassenen Glykopeptidantibiotikum. Durch die Mehrfachresistenz sind die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten eingeschränkt. Vereinzelt entstehen Situationen, in denen keine relevante therapeutische Option mehr verfügbar ist. Die Einführung von zwei neuen Präparaten (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin und Linezolid) mit Aktivität gegenüber VRE hat hier zwar in den letzten Jahren einen gewissen Fortschritt erbracht. Resistenzen gegenüber diesen Substanzen sind allerdings bereits in der kurzen Zeit ihrer Verfügbarkeit aufgetreten.
Die folgende Übersicht soll die Problematik ins Blickfeld rücken, wobei die Kenntnisnahme, vor allem aber auch die Diskussion darüber notwendig ist, um eine weitere epidemiologische Entwicklung wie in den USA zu verhindern.
Literatur
- 1
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) .
System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2003, issued August 2003.
Am J Infect Control.
2003;
31
481-498
MissingFormLabel
- 2
Arthur M, Quintiliani R.
Regulation of VanA- and VanB-type glycopeptide resistance in enterococci.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2001;
45
375-381
MissingFormLabel
- 3
Arthur M, Reynolds P, Courvalin P.
Glycopeptide resistance in enterococci.
Trends Microbiol.
1996;
4
401-407
MissingFormLabel
- 4
Avery R, Kalaycio M, Pohlman B. et al .
Early vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) bacteremia after allogeneic bone marrow
transplantation is associated with a rapidly deteriorating clinical course.
Bone Marrow Transplant.
2005;
35
497-499
MissingFormLabel
- 5
Baden L R, Thiemke W, Skolnik A. et al .
Prolonged colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in long-term
care patients and the significance of „clearance”.
Clin Infect Dis.
2001;
33
1654-1660
MissingFormLabel
- 6
Bhavnani S M, Drake J A, Forrest A. et al .
A nationwide, multicenter, case-control study comparing risk factors, treatment, and
outcome for vancomycin-resistant and -susceptible enterococcal bacteremia.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.
2000;
36
145-158
MissingFormLabel
- 7
Bonten M J, Hayden M K, Nathan C. et al .
Epidemiology of colonisation of patients and environment with vancomycin-resistant
enterococci.
Lancet.
1996;
348
1615-1619
MissingFormLabel
- 8
Bonten M J, Slaughter S, Ambergen A W. et al .
The role of „colonization pressure” in the spread of vancomycin- resistant enterococci:
an important infection control variable.
Arch Intern Med.
1998;
158
1127-1132
MissingFormLabel
- 9
Borneff-Lipp M, Knoll M, Daeschlein G. et al .
Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in a hematological oncology ward
and hygienic preventive measures. A long-term study.
Onkologie.
2005;
28
187-192
MissingFormLabel
- 10
Christiansen K J, Tibbett P A, Beresford W. et al .
Eradication of a large outbreak of a single strain of vanB vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
faecium at a major Australian teaching hospital.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
2004;
25
384-390
MissingFormLabel
- 11
Clewell D B.
Bacterial sex pheromone-induced plasmid transfer.
Cell.
1993;
73
9-12
MissingFormLabel
- 12
Collins L A, Malanoski G J, Eliopoulos G M, Wennersten C B, Ferraro M J, Moellering R C.
In vitro activity of RP59500, an injectable streptogramin antibiotic, against vancomycin-resistant
gram-positive organisms.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
1993;
37
598-601
MissingFormLabel
- 13
DiazGranados C A, Jernigan J A.
Impact of vancomycin resistance on mortality among patients with neutropenia and enterococcal
bloodstream infection.
J Infect Dis.
2005;
191
588-595
MissingFormLabel
- 14
DiazGranados C A, Zimmer S M, Klein M, Jernigan J A.
Comparison of mortality associated with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible
enterococcal bloodstream infections: a meta analysis.
Clin Infect Dis.
2005;
41
327-333
MissingFormLabel
- 15
Donskey C J, Chowdhry T K, Hecker M T. et al .
Effect of antibiotic therapy on the density of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in
the stool of colonized patients.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
343
1925-1932
MissingFormLabel
- 16
Dowzicky M, Talbot G H, Feger C, Prokocimer P, Etienne J, Leclercq R.
Characterization of isolates associated with emerging resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin
(Synercid) during a worldwide clinical program.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.
2000;
37
57-62
MissingFormLabel
- 17
Duckro A N, Blom D W, Lyle E A, Weinstein R A, Hayden M K.
Transfer of vancomycin-resistant enterococci via health care worker hands.
Arch Intern Med.
2005;
165
302-307
MissingFormLabel
- 18 EARSS. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System 2005. http://www.earss.rivm.nl/
MissingFormLabel
- 19
Fridkin S K, Lawton R, Edwards J R, Tenover F C, McGowan J E, Gaynes R P.
Monitoring antimicrobial use and resistance: comparison with a national benchmark
on reducing vancomycin use and vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
Emerg Infect Dis.
2002;
8
702-707
MissingFormLabel
- 20 GENARS. German Network for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance. http://www.genars.de/data.htm 2004
MissingFormLabel
- 21
Gonzales R D, Schreckenberger P C, Graham M B, Kelkar S, DenBesten K, Quinn J P.
Infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to linezolid.
Lancet.
2001;
357
1179
MissingFormLabel
- 22
Hayden M K.
Insights into the epidemiology and control of infection with vancomycin- resistant
enterococci.
Clin Infect Dis.
2000;
31
1058-1065
MissingFormLabel
- 23 Huenger F, Ruland P, Haefner H. et al .Persistent single VRE strain is responsible for two outbreaks in an ICU. Poster auf dem 15. European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,
Kopenhagen 2005
MissingFormLabel
- 24
Jones M E, Draghi D C, Thornsberry C, Karlowsky J A, Sahm D F, Wenzel R P.
Emerging resistance among bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit - a European
and North American Surveillance study (2000 - 2002).
Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob.
2004;
3
14
MissingFormLabel
- 25 Kak V, Chow J W. Acquired antibiotic resistance in enterococci. ASM Press, Washington, D.C M. S. Gilmore (ed.), The enterococci: pathogenesis, molecular biology, and antibiotic
resistance 2002: 355-383
MissingFormLabel
- 26
Kauffman C A.
Therapeutic and preventative options for the management of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal
infections.
J Antimicrob Chemother.
2003;
51
23-30
(Suppl 3)
MissingFormLabel
- 27
Kawalec M, Gniadkowski M, Kedzierska J, Skotnicki A, Fiett J, Hryniewicz W.
Selection of a teicoplanin-resistant Enterococcus faecium mutant during an outbreak
caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci with the vanB phenotype.
J Clin Microbiol.
2001;
39
4274-4282
MissingFormLabel
- 28
Klare I, Witte W.
Zum Auftreten und zur Verbreitung glycopeptidresistenter Enterokokken.
Epidemiol Bulletin.
2005;
17
149-155
MissingFormLabel
- 29
Lautenbach E, Bilker W B, Brennan P J.
Enterococcal bacteremia: risk factors for vancomycin resistance and predictors of
mortality.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
1999;
20
318-323
MissingFormLabel
- 30
Lautenbach E, Schuster M G, Bilker W B, Brennan P J.
The role of chloramphenicol in the treatment of bloodstream infection due to vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus.
Clin Infect Dis.
1998;
27
1259-1265
MissingFormLabel
- 31
Leclercq R, Derlot E, Duval J, Courvalin P.
Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium.
N Engl J Med.
1988;
319
157-161
MissingFormLabel
- 32
May A K, Melton S M, McGwin G, Cross J M, Moser S A, Rue L W.
Reduction of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections by limitation of broad-spectrum
cephalosporin use in a trauma and burn intensive care unit.
Shock.
2000;
14
259-264
MissingFormLabel
- 33
McGowan J E.
Debate-guidelines for control of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) have not
yet worked.
J Hosp Infect.
2004;
57
281-284
MissingFormLabel
- 34
Mekonen E T, Noskin G A, Hacek D M, Peterson L R.
Successful treatment of persistent bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant, ampicillin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium.
Microb Drug Resist.
1995;
1
249-253
MissingFormLabel
- 35
Moellering R C.
Linezolid: the first oxazolidinone antimicrobial.
Ann Intern Med.
2003;
138
135-142
MissingFormLabel
- 36
Moellering R C, Linden P K, Reinhardt J, Blumberg E A, Bompart F, Talbot G H. Synercid Emergency-Use Study Group .
The efficacy and safety of quinupristin/dalfopristin for the treatment of infections
caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
J Antimicrob Chemother.
1999;
44
251-261
MissingFormLabel
- 37
Moreno F, Jorgensen J H, Weiner M H.
An old antibiotic for a new multiple-resistant Enterococcus faecium?.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.
1994;
20
41-43
MissingFormLabel
- 38
Murray B E.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
342
710-721
MissingFormLabel
- 39
Muto C A, Giannetta E T, Durbin L J, Simonton B M, Farr B M.
Cost-effectiveness of perirectal surveillance cultures for controlling vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
2002;
23
429-435
MissingFormLabel
- 40
Muto C A, Jernigan J A, Ostrowsky B E. et al .
SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains
of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
2003;
24
362-386
MissingFormLabel
- 41
Patel R.
Clinical impact of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
J Antimicrob Chemother.
2003;
51 Suppl 3
iii13-21
MissingFormLabel
- 42 PEG. Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft Resistenzdaten. http://www.p-e-g.org/ag_resistenz/main.htm 2001
MissingFormLabel
- 43
Raad I I, Hanna H A, Hachem R Y. et al .
Clinical-use-associated decrease in susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
faecium to linezolid: a comparison with quinupristin-dalfopristin.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2004;
48
3583-3585
MissingFormLabel
- 44 SARI. Surveillance der Antibiotika-Anwendung und der bakteriellen Resistenzen auf Intensivstationen. http://www.sari-antibiotika.de/allgemei/funk.htm 2005
MissingFormLabel
- 45
Theilacker C, Krueger W A, Kropec A, Huebner J.
Rationale for the development of immunotherapy regimens against enterococcal infections.
Vaccine.
2004;
22
S31-38
(Suppl 1)
MissingFormLabel
- 46 Ullmann A J, Fischer T, Jansen B, Hube C. Early Cessation of a Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Outbreak in a Hematology-Oncology
Department after Implementation of an Enhanced Infection Control Intervention. A Single
Center Experience. Poster auf dem 46. AHS Annual Meeting, San Diego 2004
MissingFormLabel
- 47
Vergis E N, Hayden M K, Chow J W. et al .
Determinants of vancomycin resistance and mortality rates in enterococcal bacteremia:
a prospective multicenter study.
Ann Intern Med.
2001;
135
484-492
MissingFormLabel
- 48
Weinstein M P, Mirrett S, Kannangara S. et al .
Multicenter evaluation of use of penicillin and ampicillin as surrogates for in vitro
testing of susceptibility of enterococci to imipenem.
J Clin Microbiol.
2004;
42
3747-3751
MissingFormLabel
- 49
Whitman M S, Pitsakis P G, Zausner A. et al .
Antibiotic treatment of experimental endocarditis due to vancomycin- and ampicillin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
1993;
37
2069-2073
MissingFormLabel
- 50
Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent S M, Seifert H, Wenzel R P, Edmond M B.
Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a
prospective nationwide surveillance study.
Clin Infect Dis.
2004;
39
309-317
MissingFormLabel
Priv.-Doz. Dr. Johannes A. Hübner
Medizinische Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Hugstetter Straße 55
79106 Freiburg
Telefon: +49/761/2701819
Fax: +49/761/2701820
eMail: info@if-freiburg.de