Erfassung des Muskelfunktionszustandes durch Bestimmung der Muskelfaserleitgeschwindigkeit

Zusammenfassung

Die Leitgeschwindigkeit der Erregung entlang von Muskelfasern (CV) wurde an 20 gesunden Versuchspersonen (10 Männer und 10 Frauen) im Alter zwischen 24 und 45 Jahren im Musculus biceps brachii unter Verwendung von niveaugetriggerter Mittelung im Interferenz-EMG bei Ableitung mit verzweigten und monopolaren Oberflächenelektroden gemessen. Die CV von Kindern wurde an 90 gesunden Kleinkindern im Alter von bis zu fünf Jahren untersucht. 43 Neugeborene mit Lähmungen des brachialen Plexus (BPP) (mäßig bis schwer), wurden ebenfalls untersucht. Die gemessene CV war bei unschiedlicher, willkürlicher Muskelanspannung (10, 25, 50 und 75 % der maximalen willkürlichen Anspannung MVC) unter Ableitung mit monopolaren gegenüber verzweigten Elektroden bei allen untersuchten gesunden Probanden gleich. Bei 50 und 75 % MVC war die CV signifikant höher als bei 10 und 25 % MVC. Bei verzweigten, gemittelten Potenzialen (AvPs) war die positive Endphase unterdrückt. Die monopolaren AvPs glichen in ihrem Kurvenverlauf den Aktionspotenzialen motorischer Einheiten. Die Parameter der verschiedenen Potenzialphasen (unter Einschluss der positiven Endphase) könnten Zusatzinformationen über den Funktionsstatus von Muskeln liefern. Die CV der gesunden Kinder nahm langsam mit dem Alter zu (von 1,56 ± 0,22 m/s auf 3,26 ± 0,30 m/s). Der Leitgeschwindigkeitswert korrelierte signifikant mit dem Alter. Bei Neugeborenen mit BPP war die Leitgeschwindigkeit im paretischen Arm höher und blieb bei der schweren Form von BPP während der Rekonvaleszenzphase eines Jahres signifikant erhöht. Diese Befunde können durch Erholung, vor allem von schnellen und großen motorischen Einheiten erklärt werden, die eine höhere CV besitzen. Zusammenfassend zeigt sich die niveaugetriggerte Mittelung des Interferenz-EMGs durch Ableitung mit verzweigten Elektroden als adäquate, nicht invasive Methode, um die Fortleitungsgeschwindigkeit der Erregung entlang der Muskelfasern zu messen und einen veränderten Funktionszustand der Muskeln zu erfassen.

Abstract

In 20 healthy subjects (10 males and 10 females) aged between 24 and 45 years, the conduction velocity of excitation along muscle fibers (CV) was measured in biceps brachii muscle using level averaging of interference EMG recorded by branched and monopolar surface electrodes. The CV in children was investigated in 90 healthy infants aged up to 5 years. 43 newborns with brachial plexus palsy (BPP) (moderate and severe) was investigated, too. The measured CV, recorded with both monopolar and branched electrodes were significant equal (p > 0.05) at all different muscle tension (10, 25, 50 and 75 % of MVC) and for all investigated healthy subjects. The CV was significant higher (p < 0.05) at 50 and 75 % compared to 10 and 25 % of MVC. In branched averaged potentials (AvPs) the terminal positive phase was suppressed. The monoplar AvPs were with waveform similar to those of motor units potentials and the parameters of the different potential's phases (including the terminal positive one) may give additional information for functional state of muscles. CV of healthy infants increased gradually with their age (from 1.56 ± 0.22 m/s to 3.26 ± 0.30 m/s). The value of CV depended significantly on the age. In newborns BPP the CV was higher in paretic arm and remains significantly higher (sever BPP) during the recovering period of one year. These findings may be explained with recovering predominantly of fast and large MUs, which have a higher CV. In conclusion, the level-triggered averaging of the interference EMG recorded from the skin surface by branched electrodes is an adequate noninvasive method for the measurement of the propagation velocity of excitation along the muscle fibers and for evaluation of changed muscle functional state.

Muscle physiology - surface EMG - muscle fiber conduction velocity - plexus paresis - interference EMG - multiple electrodes - experimental neurophysiology

Literatur

• 1 Bigland-Ritchie B, Donovan E F, Roussos C S. Conduction velocity and EMG spectrum changes in fatigue of sustained maximal efforts.  J Appl Physiol. 1981;  51 1300-1305
• 2 Kostov K, Kossev A, Gydikov A. Utilization of the stimulated electromyogram for estimation of the functional state of the muscles.  Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1984;  24 387-399
• 3 Luca C J De. Myoelectric manifestation of localized muscular fatigue in humans.  Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1984;  11 251-279
• 4 Gydikov A, Kossev A, Kostov K, Kosarov D. Estimation of the spreading velocity and the parameters of the muscle potentials by averaging of the summated electromyogram.  Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1984;  24 (3) 191-212
• 5 Morimoto S, Masuda M. Dependence of conduction velocity on spine interval during voluntary muscular contraction in human motor units.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1984;  53 191-195
• 6 Christova L, Gydikov A, Aslanova I, Kirenskaya A, Kozlova V, Kozlovskaya I. Effect of immerssion hypokinesia on some parameters of human muscle potentials.  Kossm Biol Aviokos Med. 1986;  6 27-33
• 7 Christova L, Gydikov A, Aslanova I, Belyaeva M, Kirenskaya A, Kozlova V, Kozlovskaya I. The effect of water immerssion on motor unit potentials in man.  Kossm Biol Aviokos Med. 1988;  4 39-43
• 8 Enoka R M, Robinson G A, Kossev A R. Task and fatigue effects on low-threshold motor units in human hand muscle.  J Neurophysiol. 1989;  62 1344-1359
• 9 Christova P, Kossev A, Chichov V. Single motor unit activity during fatiguing ramp-and-hold voluntary isometric contraction. In: Cantchev GN, Gurfinkel VS, Stuart DG et al. (eds) Proceedings of the VIII^th International Symposium on Motor Control. Sofia; Academic Publishing House Prof. M. Drinov 1996: 216-219
• 10 Christova P, Kossev A, Kristev I, Chichov V. Surface EMG recorded by branched electrodes during sustained muscle activity.  J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1999;  9 (4) 263-276
• 11 Kristev I, Christova P, Chichov V, Kossev A. Surface EMG changes during sustained maximal contraction efforts.  Comt r Acad bulg Sci. 2000;  53 (11) 55-58
• 12 Kristev I, Christova P, Chichov V, Kossev A. Surface EMG changes during sustained submaximal high contractions.  Comt r Acad bulg Sci. 2000;  53 (12) 73-76
• 13 Christova P, Kossev A. Human motor unit recruitment and derecruitment during long lasting intermittent contractions.  J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2001;  11 189-196
• 14 Christova P, Kossev A. Motor unit activity during long-lasting intermittent muscle contractions in humans.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1998;  77 (4) 3379-3387
• 15 Gantchev N, Kossev A, Gydikov A, Gerasimenko Y. Relation between the motor units recruitment threshold and their potentials propagation velocity at isometric activity.  Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1992;  32 221-228
• 16 Christova P, Kossev A. Human motor unit recruitment and derecruitment during long lasting intermittent contractions. In: Christensen H, Sjøgaard G (eds) PROCID Symposium, Muscular disorders in computer users. Copenhagen; 1999: 94-100
• 17 Stallberg E. Propagation velocity in human muscle fibre in situ.  Acta Physiol Scand. 1966;  70 1-112
• 18 Dimitrov G, Dimitrova N. Extracellular potential field of a single striated muscle fibre immersed in anisotropic volume conductor.  Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol. 1974;  14 423-436
• 19 Dimitrova N, Dimitrov G. Extracellular potential field of a single striated muscle fibre.  Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol. 1974;  14 279-292
• 20 Luca C J De, Merletti R. Surface myoelectric signal cross-talk among muscles of the leg.  Electroencephalogr clin Neurophysiol. 1987;  69 568-575
• 21 Broman H, Bilotto G, Luca C J De. A note on the noninvasive estimation of muscle fiber conduction velocity.  IEEE Trans. 1985;  BME-32 341-344
• 22 Reucher H, Rau G, Silny J. Spatial filtering of non-invasive multielectrode EMG: Part I - Introduction to measuring technique and applications.  IEEE Trans. 1987;  BME-34 98-105
• 23 Chichov V, Kossev A, Christova P, Chobanova M. Conduction velocity and turn-amplitude analysis during sustained muscle contraction. In: Cantchev GN, Gurfinkel VS, Stuart DG et al (eds) Proceedings of the VIII^th International Symposium on Motor Control. Sofia; Academic Publishing House Prof. M. Drinov 1996: 212-215
• 24 Gydikov A, Kossev A, Trayanova N, Radicheva N. Selective recording of motor unit potentials.  Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol. 1986;  26 273-281
• 25 Gydikov A, Kosarov D, Kossev A, Kostov K, Trayanova N, Radicheva N. Motor unit potentials at high muscle activity recorded by selective electrodes.  Biomed Biochim Acta. 1986;  45 S63-S68
• 26 Kossev A R, Lansing R, Andersen A. Single motor unit activity in human nasal muscles.  Comt r Acad bulg Sci. 1988;  41 (3) 77-80
• 27 Kossev A, Gydikov A, Trayanova N, Kosarov D. Configuration and selectivity of the branched EMG-electrodes.  Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol. 1988;  28 397-403
• 28 Enoka R M, Robinson G A, Kossev A R. A stable, selective electrode for recording single motor-unit potentials in humans.  Exp Neurol. 1988;  99 761-764
• 29 Kristev I, Christova P, Christova L, Kossev A. Branched surface EMG electrodes and measurement of propagation velocity of exitation along muscle fibres.  Biomedizinische Technik. 2000;  45, 2 233-239
• 30 Koh T, Grabiner M. Evaluation of methods to minimize cross talk in surface electromyography.  J Biomechanics. 1993;  26 151-157
• 31 Buchthal F, Guld C, Rosenfalck P. Propagation velocity in electrically activated muscle fibres in man.  Acta Physiol Scand. 1955;  34 75-89
• 32 Cruz Martinez A, Lopez Terradas J M. Conduction velocity along muscle fibers in situ in healthy infants.  Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol. 1990;  30 (7) 443-448
• 33 Ramaekers V T, Disselhorst-Klug C, Schneider J, Silny J, Forst J, Forst R, Kotlarek F, Rau G. Clinical application of a noninvasive multi-electrode array EMG for the recording of single motor unit activity.  Neuropediatrics. 1993;  24 (3) 134-138
• 34 Malmstrom J E, Lindstrom L. Propagation velocity of muscle action potentials in the growing normal child.  Muscle & Nerve. 1997;  20 403-410
• 35 Arabadziev T I, Dimitrov G V, Dimitrova N. Simulation analysis of the ability to estimate motor unit propagation velocity non-invasively by different two-channel methods and types of multi-electrodes.  J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;  13 (5) 403-415
• 36 Brooke M H, Engel W K. The histographic analysis of human biopsies with regard to fiber types.  Children's biopsies Neurology (Minneap). 1969;  19 591-605
• 37 Aherne W, Ayyar D R, Clarke P A, Walton J N. Muscle fibre size in normal infants, children and adolescents.  J of the Neurological Science. 1971;  14 171-182
• 38 Cruz Martinez A, Arpa J. Muscle fiber conduction velocity in situ (MFCV) in denervation, reinnervation and disuse atrophy.  Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;  100 (5) 337-340
• 39 Hoeven J H Van der, Zwarts M J, Weerden T W Van. Muscle fiber conduction velocity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and traumatic lesions of the plexus brachialis.  Electroencephalogr clin Neurophysiol. 1993;  89 (5) 304-310