Primary intestinal follicular lymphoma diagnosed by video capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy

Table of Contents

A 56-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of large-volume diarrhea. Examination and investigations for diarrhea, palpitations, and flushes in 2004 revealed no abnormalities – in particular, the H₂ breath test with lactose and 24-hour urinary metanephrine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) levels were normal. At the time of this recent presentation there were no abnormalities found on physical examination and routine laboratory tests were also normal, including the thyroid-stimulating hormone and the tissue transglutaminase levels; the gastrin level was 65 ng/L (normal range 0 – 110 ng/L) and the vasoactive intestinal peptide was < 5 ng/L. The fecal weight was 417–1800 g per 24 hours.

Duodenoscopy and colonoscopy revealed no abnormalities and histological examination of duodenal and colonic biopsies obtained at these examinations also showed no abnormalities. Video capsule endoscopy was performed and this revealed two polypoid lesions in the jejunum ([Fig. 1], [2]). At double-balloon enteroscopy a localized abnormality was identified that looked like lymphoid hyperplasia. Histological examination revealed a monotonous population of lymphoid cells in the lamina propria with a follicular pattern that was positive for B-cell markers CD20 and CD79, and also expressed CD10, Bcl-2, and Bcl-6; CD5 and cyclin-D1 were negative. Monoclonality of the B-cell lymphocytes was demonstrated by a polymerase chain reaction-based rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. These findings were compatible with a low-grade (grade 1) B-cell follicular lymphoma ([Fig. 3] – [6]). Bone marrow examination showed no evidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A diagnosis of diarrhea due to a primary intestinal follicular lymphoma (grade 1) in the jejunum (stage IE) was made.

Fig. 1 Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) image of a polypoid lesion in the jejunum.

Fig. 2 VCE image of a jejunal lesion.

Fig. 3 Histological view showing diffuse and follicular lymphoid infiltration in the intestinal mucosa (hematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification × 40).

Fig. 4 Immunohistochemical staining for CD10, a marker for B lymphocytes (original magnification × 40). The tumor population is seen here to stain positively for this marker.

Fig. 5 Immunohistochemical staining for CD5, a marker for T lymphocytes (original magnification × 40). The tumor cells are not staining for this marker.

Fig. 6 Immunohistochemical staining for Bcl-2 (original magnification × 40). The neoplastic follicles stain positively and reactive follicles do not stain.

Video capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy are relatively new techniques that provide imaging of the small intestine and which are now used for the diagnosis of a variety of conditions, including obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, Crohn’s disease, polyposis syndromes, and celiac disease [1] [2] [3] [4]. In celiac disease these techniques can be used to detect the development of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. They have been used to diagnose other forms of lymphoma, such as B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue [5], and video capsule endoscopy can also be used as a primary diagnostic tool, as in our case.

To our knowledge (after a PubMed search) this is the first report of a non-Hodgkin lymphoma (primary intestinal follicular lymphoma) detected by means of double-balloon enteroscopy.

Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_CCL_1AC_2AC

References

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