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DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1038203
Sekundenschlaf, Schläfrigkeit und Verkehrstüchtigkeit beim Schlafapnoe-Syndrom
Microsleep, Sleepiness and Driving Performance in Patients with Sleep Apnoea SyndromePublication History
eingereicht 31.1.2008
akzeptiert 7.5.2008
Publication Date:
18 August 2008 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Vor allem bei Überwachungstätigkeiten oder Steuern eines Fahrzeuges, bei denen erhöhte Vigilanz verlangt wird, sind Episoden von Sekundenschlaf (Mikroschlaf) besonders gefährlich. Sekundenschlaf kann anhand von Verhaltensbeobachtungen und/oder elektrophysiologischen Parametern beschrieben werden. Eine frühzeitige Erfassung dieser Episoden ist wünschenswert. In der Autoindustrie wird intensive Entwicklungsarbeit geleistet, um Schläfrigkeit am Steuer mit der Gefahr des Sekundenschlafes zu erfassen und damit Unfälle zu verhindern. Die Erfassung der Lidschlag-Frequenz und des Pupillendurchmessers (eyetracking) mit Videokamera ist hier besonders vielsprechend. Das Unfallrisiko von Patienten mit schlafbezogenen Atmungsstörungen liegt mehr als doppelt so hoch im Vergleich zur Referenz-Population. Es gibt aber bis heute keine definitiven Prognosekriterien, weder subjektive Tests noch objektive Untersuchungen zum Beispiel mit Fahrsimulatoren, um Fahruntüchtigkeit vorherzusagen. Durch Screeninguntersuchungen sollten Patienten mit Schlafapnoesyndrom herausgefiltert werden, da insbesondere eine Therapie mit CPAP die Unfallrate normalisiert. Eine weitere Maßnahme zur Reduktion des Unfallrisiko ist das so genannte alertness-Management, bei dem Techniken zur Entdeckung und Verhinderung von Schlafepisoden bei Fahr- und Steuertätigkeiten vermittelt werden.
Abstract
Especially during monitoring activities or car driving needing high vigilance, episodes of microsleep are extremely dangerous. Microsleep can be described by observing behaviour patterns or electrophysiological parameters. An early recognition of these episodes is desirable. In the automobile industry intensive development is ongoing to register sleepiness and subsequent microsleep during driving to avoid accidents. The monitoring of eyelid frequency and diameter of the pupil (eye tracking) are most promising. Compared with a reference population, the accident risk of patients with sleep-related breathing disorders is more than two-fold higher. But up to now there are no definitive criteria – neither subjective nor objective tests such as, for instance, driving simulators – to predict driving impairment. By means of screening examinations, patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) should be detected because therapy with CPAP normalises the accident rate. A further measure to reduce the risk of accidents is the so-called alertness management where techniques are communicated to detect and avoid sleeping episodes.
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Prof. Dr. med. Karl-Heinz Rühle
Klinik für Pneumologie Klinik Ambrock
58091 Hagen
Email: klinik-ambrock.pneumo@t-online.de