Phlebologie 2018; 47(06): 338-343
DOI: 10.12687/phleb2451-6-2018
Übersichtsarbeiten
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Kontrazeption und venöse Thromboembolie

Article in several languages: deutsch | English
H. Rott
1   Gerinnungszentrum Rhein-Ruhr, Duisburg/ Coagulation Center Rhein-Ruhr
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Korrespondenzadresse

Dr. med. Hannelore Rott
Gerinnungszentrum Rhein-Ruhr
Königstr. 13
47051 Duisburg

Publication History

Eingegangen: 04 August 2018

Angenommen: 06 September 2018

Publication Date:
25 January 2019 (online)

 

Zusammenfassung

Etwa 20 Millionen Frauen befinden sich aktuell im reproduktiven Alter. Ein Drittel von ihnen wendet kombinierte hormonelle Kontrazeptiva an (KHK), welche meist aus Ethinylestradiol und einem synthetischen Gestagen bestehen. Das Grundrisiko für venöse Thromboembolien (VTE) für Frauen im reproduktiven Alter ist gering, steigt aber deutlich an durch Anwendung von KHK oder auch in der Schwangerschaft/Wochenbett. Dies gilt auch für nichtorale KHK. Hierdurch haben junge Frauen ein merklich höheres VTE Risiko als Männer bis zum Alter von 35 Jahren, danach gleicht sich das VTE-Risiko zwischen den Geschlechtern an. Die Erhöhung des VTE Risikos hängt vom verwendeten KHK ab. Ältere KHK mit Norgestimat oder Levonorgestrel als Gestagen haben ein niedrigeres VTE-Risiko als neuere KHK. In vielen internationalen Leitlinien gelten daher mittlerweile die älteren KHK als erste Wahl. Neuere KHK sollten daher nur noch verordnet werden, wenn besondere Gründe hierfür vorliegen. Das VTE-Risiko von KHK mit Estradiol bzw. Estradiolvalerat statt EE ist noch unklar durch fehlende Datenlage. Die Anwendung von rein gestagenhaltiger Kontrazeption erhöht das VTE-Risiko nicht signifikant mit Ausnahme von Depot-Medroxyprogesteronacetat (DMPA). Die Notfallkontrazeption („Pille danach”), welche keine Östrogene enthalten, sondern nur Levonorgestrel bzw. Ulipristalacetat erhöhen das VTERisiko nicht. Orale reine Gestagenkontrazeptiva (mit Desogestrel oder Levonorgestrel), Intrauterine Kontrazeption und Etonogestrel Implantate sind die Verhütungsmittel der Wahl bei Frauen mit erhöhtem VTE-Risiko. Ein Thrombophilie-Screening ist nicht bei jeder Frau indiziert mit Kontrazeptionswunsch. Diese Testung sollte limitiert werden z.B. auf Frauen mit positiver VTE Eigenanamnese oder auf Frauen mit VTE-Fällen in jungen Jahren unter 50 in der nächsten Verwandtschaft.


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Interessenkonflikt

Nach Angaben der Autoren bestehen keine Interessenkonflikte.

  • Literatur

  • 1 Wiegratz I, Thaler CJ. Hormonal contraception-what kind, when, and for whom? Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011; 108 (28–29): 495-505 quiz 6.
  • 2 Heinemann LA, Dinger JC. Range of published estimates of venous thromboembolism incidence in young women. Contraception 2007; 75 (05) 328-336.
  • 3 Linnemann B, Bauersachs R, Rott H, Halimeh S, Zotz R, Gerhardt A. et al. Diagnosis of pregnancyassociated venous thromboembolism – position paper of the Working Group in Women’s Health of the Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (GTH). VASA Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2016; 45 (02) 87-101.
  • 4 Sultan AA, West J, Tata LJ, Fleming KM, Nelson-Piercy C, Grainge MJ. Risk of first venous thromboembolism in and around pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. British journal of haematology 2012; 156 (03) 366-373.
  • 5 Santosa F, Moysidis T, Moerchel C, Kroger K, Bufe A. Pulmonary embolism in young people. Trends in Germany from 2005 to 2011. Hamostaseologie 2014; 34 (01) 88-92.
  • 6 Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Lokkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001–9. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2011; 343: d6423.
  • 7 Westhoff CL, Eisenberger A, Tang R, Cremers S, Grossman LV, Pike MC. Clotting factor changes during the first cycle of oral contraceptive use. Contraception 2016; 93 (01) 70-76.
  • 8 Stocco B, Fumagalli HF, Franceschini SA, Martinez EZ, Marzocchi-Machado CM, de Sa MF. et al. Comparative study of the effects of combined oral contraceptives in hemostatic variables: an observational preliminary study. Medicine 2015; 94 (04) e385.
  • 9 Abdollahi M, Cushman M, Rosendaal FR. Obesity: risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and oral contraceptive use. Thromb Haemost 2003; 89 (03) 493-8.
  • 10 Robinson GE, Burren T, Mackie IJ, Bounds W, Walshe K, Faint R. et al. Changes in haemostasis after stopping the combined contraceptive pill: implications for major surgery. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 1991; 302 6771 269-271.
  • 11 Eischer L, Eichinger S, Kyrle PA. The risk of recurrence in women with venous thromboembolism while using estrogens: a prospective cohort study. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2014; 12 (05) 635-640.
  • 12 Christiansen SC, Lijfering WM, Helmerhorst FM, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC. Sex difference in risk of recurrent venous thrombosis and the risk profile for a second event. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2010; 08 (10) 2159-2168.
  • 13 de Bastos M, Stegeman BH, Rosendaal FR, Van Hylckama AVlieg, Helmerhorst FM, Stijnen T. et al. Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2014; (03) Cd010813.
  • 14 Ziller M, Ziller V, Haas G, Rex J, Kostev K. Risk of venous thrombosis in users of hormonal contraceptives in German gynaecological practices: a patient database analysis. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2014; 289 (02) 413-419.
  • 15 van Vliet HA, Bertina RM, Dahm AE, Rosendaal FR, Rosing J, Sandset PM. et al. Different effects of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens on protein S and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2008; 06 (02) 346-351.
  • 16 Klipping C, Duijkers I, Parke S, Mellinger U, Serrani M, Junge W. Hemostatic effects of a novel estradiol-based oral contraceptive: an open-label, randomized, crossover study of estradiol valerate/dienogest versus ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel. Drugs in R&D 2011; 111 (02) 159-170.
  • 17 Gaussem P, Alhenc-Gelas M, Thomas JL, Bachelot-Loza C, Remones V, Ali FD. et al. Haemostatic effects of a new combined oral contraceptive, nomegestrol acetate/17beta-estradiol, compared with those of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. A double-blind, randomised study. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105 (03) 560-567.
  • 18 Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Lokkegaard E. Venous thrombosis in users of non-oral hormonal contraception: follow-up study, Denmark 2001–10. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2012; 344: e2990.
  • 19 Dore DD, Norman H, Loughlin J, Seeger JD. Extended case-control study results on thromboembolic outcomes among transdermal contraceptive users. Contraception 2010; 81 (05) 408-413.
  • 20 Tricotel A, Collin C, Zureik M. Impact of the sharp changes in the use of contraception in 2013 on the risk of pulmonary embolism in France. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2015; 13 (09) 1576-1580.
  • 21 van Hylckama AVlieg, Helmerhorst FM, Rosendaal FR. The risk of deep venous thrombosis associated with injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptives or a levonorgestrel intrauterine device. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2010; 30 (11) 2297-2300.
  • 22 WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. In: th, editor. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use: A WHO Family Planning Cornerstone. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010
  • 23 Tepper NK, Whiteman MK, Marchbanks PA, James AH, Curtis KM. Progestin-only contraception and thromboembolism: A systematic review. Contraception 2016; 94 (06) 678-700.
  • 24 van Vlijmen EF, Wiewel-Verschueren S, Monster TB, Meijer K. Combined oral contraceptives, thrombophilia and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2016; 14 (07) 1393-403.
  • 25 Bergendal A, Persson I, Odeberg J, Sundstrom A, Holmstrom M, Schulman S. et al. Association of venous thromboembolism with hormonal contraception and thrombophilic genotypes. Obstetrics and gynecology 2014; 124 (03) 600-609.
  • 26 Wu O, Robertson L, Langhorne P, Twaddle S, Lowe GD, Clark P. et al. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, thrombophilias and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94 (01) 17-25.
  • 27 Martinelli I, Lensing AW, Middeldorp S, Levi M, Beyer-Westendorf J, van Bellen B. et al. Recurrent venous thromboembolism and abnormal uterine bleeding with anticoagulant and hormone therapy use. Blood 2016; 127 (11) 1417-1425.
  • 28 van Hylckama AVlieg, Rosendaal FR. Interaction between oral contraceptive use and coagulation factor levels in deep venous thrombosis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2003; 01 (10) 2186-2190.
  • 29 Hugon-Rodin J, Horellou MH, Conard J, Gompel A, Plu-Bureau G. Type of Combined Contraceptives, Factor V Leiden Mutation and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118 (05) 922-928.
  • 30 BfArM. Rote Hand Brief zu kombinierten Kontrazeptiva. 2014
  • 31 Beyer-Westendorf J, Michalski F, Tittl L, Hauswald-Dorschel S, Marten S. Management and outcomes of vaginal bleeding and heavy menstrual bleeding in women of reproductive age on direct oral anti-factor Xa inhibitor therapy: a case series. The Lancet Haematology 2016; 03 (10) e480-e8.

Korrespondenzadresse

Dr. med. Hannelore Rott
Gerinnungszentrum Rhein-Ruhr
Königstr. 13
47051 Duisburg

  • Literatur

  • 1 Wiegratz I, Thaler CJ. Hormonal contraception-what kind, when, and for whom? Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011; 108 (28–29): 495-505 quiz 6.
  • 2 Heinemann LA, Dinger JC. Range of published estimates of venous thromboembolism incidence in young women. Contraception 2007; 75 (05) 328-336.
  • 3 Linnemann B, Bauersachs R, Rott H, Halimeh S, Zotz R, Gerhardt A. et al. Diagnosis of pregnancyassociated venous thromboembolism – position paper of the Working Group in Women’s Health of the Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (GTH). VASA Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten 2016; 45 (02) 87-101.
  • 4 Sultan AA, West J, Tata LJ, Fleming KM, Nelson-Piercy C, Grainge MJ. Risk of first venous thromboembolism in and around pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. British journal of haematology 2012; 156 (03) 366-373.
  • 5 Santosa F, Moysidis T, Moerchel C, Kroger K, Bufe A. Pulmonary embolism in young people. Trends in Germany from 2005 to 2011. Hamostaseologie 2014; 34 (01) 88-92.
  • 6 Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Skjeldestad FE, Lokkegaard E. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001–9. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2011; 343: d6423.
  • 7 Westhoff CL, Eisenberger A, Tang R, Cremers S, Grossman LV, Pike MC. Clotting factor changes during the first cycle of oral contraceptive use. Contraception 2016; 93 (01) 70-76.
  • 8 Stocco B, Fumagalli HF, Franceschini SA, Martinez EZ, Marzocchi-Machado CM, de Sa MF. et al. Comparative study of the effects of combined oral contraceptives in hemostatic variables: an observational preliminary study. Medicine 2015; 94 (04) e385.
  • 9 Abdollahi M, Cushman M, Rosendaal FR. Obesity: risk of venous thrombosis and the interaction with coagulation factor levels and oral contraceptive use. Thromb Haemost 2003; 89 (03) 493-8.
  • 10 Robinson GE, Burren T, Mackie IJ, Bounds W, Walshe K, Faint R. et al. Changes in haemostasis after stopping the combined contraceptive pill: implications for major surgery. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 1991; 302 6771 269-271.
  • 11 Eischer L, Eichinger S, Kyrle PA. The risk of recurrence in women with venous thromboembolism while using estrogens: a prospective cohort study. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2014; 12 (05) 635-640.
  • 12 Christiansen SC, Lijfering WM, Helmerhorst FM, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC. Sex difference in risk of recurrent venous thrombosis and the risk profile for a second event. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2010; 08 (10) 2159-2168.
  • 13 de Bastos M, Stegeman BH, Rosendaal FR, Van Hylckama AVlieg, Helmerhorst FM, Stijnen T. et al. Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2014; (03) Cd010813.
  • 14 Ziller M, Ziller V, Haas G, Rex J, Kostev K. Risk of venous thrombosis in users of hormonal contraceptives in German gynaecological practices: a patient database analysis. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2014; 289 (02) 413-419.
  • 15 van Vliet HA, Bertina RM, Dahm AE, Rosendaal FR, Rosing J, Sandset PM. et al. Different effects of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens on protein S and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2008; 06 (02) 346-351.
  • 16 Klipping C, Duijkers I, Parke S, Mellinger U, Serrani M, Junge W. Hemostatic effects of a novel estradiol-based oral contraceptive: an open-label, randomized, crossover study of estradiol valerate/dienogest versus ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel. Drugs in R&D 2011; 111 (02) 159-170.
  • 17 Gaussem P, Alhenc-Gelas M, Thomas JL, Bachelot-Loza C, Remones V, Ali FD. et al. Haemostatic effects of a new combined oral contraceptive, nomegestrol acetate/17beta-estradiol, compared with those of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. A double-blind, randomised study. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105 (03) 560-567.
  • 18 Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Lokkegaard E. Venous thrombosis in users of non-oral hormonal contraception: follow-up study, Denmark 2001–10. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2012; 344: e2990.
  • 19 Dore DD, Norman H, Loughlin J, Seeger JD. Extended case-control study results on thromboembolic outcomes among transdermal contraceptive users. Contraception 2010; 81 (05) 408-413.
  • 20 Tricotel A, Collin C, Zureik M. Impact of the sharp changes in the use of contraception in 2013 on the risk of pulmonary embolism in France. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2015; 13 (09) 1576-1580.
  • 21 van Hylckama AVlieg, Helmerhorst FM, Rosendaal FR. The risk of deep venous thrombosis associated with injectable depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptives or a levonorgestrel intrauterine device. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2010; 30 (11) 2297-2300.
  • 22 WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. In: th, editor. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use: A WHO Family Planning Cornerstone. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010
  • 23 Tepper NK, Whiteman MK, Marchbanks PA, James AH, Curtis KM. Progestin-only contraception and thromboembolism: A systematic review. Contraception 2016; 94 (06) 678-700.
  • 24 van Vlijmen EF, Wiewel-Verschueren S, Monster TB, Meijer K. Combined oral contraceptives, thrombophilia and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2016; 14 (07) 1393-403.
  • 25 Bergendal A, Persson I, Odeberg J, Sundstrom A, Holmstrom M, Schulman S. et al. Association of venous thromboembolism with hormonal contraception and thrombophilic genotypes. Obstetrics and gynecology 2014; 124 (03) 600-609.
  • 26 Wu O, Robertson L, Langhorne P, Twaddle S, Lowe GD, Clark P. et al. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, thrombophilias and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94 (01) 17-25.
  • 27 Martinelli I, Lensing AW, Middeldorp S, Levi M, Beyer-Westendorf J, van Bellen B. et al. Recurrent venous thromboembolism and abnormal uterine bleeding with anticoagulant and hormone therapy use. Blood 2016; 127 (11) 1417-1425.
  • 28 van Hylckama AVlieg, Rosendaal FR. Interaction between oral contraceptive use and coagulation factor levels in deep venous thrombosis. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis JTH 2003; 01 (10) 2186-2190.
  • 29 Hugon-Rodin J, Horellou MH, Conard J, Gompel A, Plu-Bureau G. Type of Combined Contraceptives, Factor V Leiden Mutation and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118 (05) 922-928.
  • 30 BfArM. Rote Hand Brief zu kombinierten Kontrazeptiva. 2014
  • 31 Beyer-Westendorf J, Michalski F, Tittl L, Hauswald-Dorschel S, Marten S. Management and outcomes of vaginal bleeding and heavy menstrual bleeding in women of reproductive age on direct oral anti-factor Xa inhibitor therapy: a case series. The Lancet Haematology 2016; 03 (10) e480-e8.