Keywords: Skin neoplasms - Carcinoma, basal cell - Plastic surgery procedures - Epidemiologic
studies - Carcinoma, squamous cell
INTRODUCTION
Of all malignant neoplasms diagnosed worldwide, non-melanoma skin cancer is the most
common type in both sexes.[1 ]
[2 ] It is not a serious tumor and has a
low mortality rate, although it can cause deformities in the body.
According to the National Cancer Institute (INCA), in Brazil, the number of new cases
of non-melanoma skin cancer expected for each year of the triennium 2023-2025 will
be 101,920 in men and 118,570 in women, corresponding to an estimated risk of 96.44
new cases per 100,000 men and 107.21 new cases per 100,000 women. The state of Minas
Gerais has an estimated rate of 112.74 cases per 100,000 men and 127.43 cases per
100,000 women. In 2020, there were 1,534 deaths from non-melanoma skin cancer in
men; this value corresponds to a risk of 1.48/100,000 and 1,119 deaths in women,
with a risk of 1.03/100,000[3 ].
Despite their high prevalence, these tumors are rarely fatal, accounting for less
than 0.1% of all cancer-related deaths. Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are
biologically more aggressive, and neglected lesions can be fatal due to local
extension or metastasis.[4 ] On the
other hand, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is very rarely fatal. However, the impact of
non-melanoma skin cancer on public health is high, and although it does not pose a
major threat to life, it can cause significant aesthetic and functional damage to
patients, as it most frequently appears on skin that is constantly exposed to the
sun, in the head and neck region and especially on the face.[5 ]
They are more common in people with fair skin over the age of 40, with the exception
of those who already have skin diseases. However, this age profile has been changing
with the constant exposure of young people to the sun’s rays.[3 ] Excessive and chronic exposure to
the sun is the main risk factor for the development of non-melanoma skin
cancers.
Other risk factors for all types of skin cancer include skin sensitivity to the sun
(lighter-skinned people are more sensitive to ultraviolet radiation from the sun),
immunosuppressive diseases, and occupational sun exposure. Immunocompromised
patients (such as transplant recipients and patients with acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome, for example) are at greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer
because they have decreased carcinogenic control of the skin[4 ].
The main types of non-melanoma skin cancer are keratinocyte carcinomas. Of these,
approximately 75% are BCCs and 25% are SCCs. BCCs are clinically categorized as
nodular, superficial, and infiltrative or sclerosing. Nodular BCCs are most common
and present as raised, waxy papules or nodules with telangiectasias. Superficial
BCCs are horizontally enlarging and appear thin, with erythematous plaques with
variable scaling and telangiectasias. Sclerosing BCCs are ill-defined, indurated red
or white plaques that may be slightly elevated or depressed and atrophic.[5 ]
The clinical presentation of SCC includes invasive SCC and SCC in
situ (Bowen’s disease). Invasive SCC of the skin often presents as an
erythematous, keratotic papule, plaque, or nodule occurring on a background of an
actinic lesion. These lesions may show ulceration, and patients often describe a
history of intermittent bleeding and a nonhealing wound. Actinic keratosis and
Bowen’s disease (SCC in situ ) are considered precursor lesions of
SCC and often present as a well-demarcated erythematous, scaly plaque.[6 ]
The diagnosis of keratinocyte carcinomas predominantly involves clinical diagnosis,
dermoscopy, and biopsy. Physicians familiar with the manifestations of BCC can often
make a strong diagnostic hypothesis based on clinical examination alone. In this
case, examination of the lesion with a dermatoscope can always assist in the
clinical diagnosis of BCC[7 ].
Although clinical and dermoscopic findings may strongly suggest the diagnosis, a
histopathological examination is necessary to confirm the suspected diagnosis. This
is also useful for evaluating perineural invasion, tumor differentiation, and tumor
depth, which are important factors for tumor staging and prognosis. Thus, it can be
said that histopathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of non-melanoma skin
cancer[8 ].
Imaging is reserved for patients with clinically aggressive lesions to determine the
extent of invasion or to help evaluate for distant metastases in the presence of
clinical suspicion or clinically palpable adenopathy. It is important to recognize
that SCC of the lip is considered an oral cancer and, therefore, requires careful
clinical examination and may require radiographic evaluation of the lymphatic
region.
The prognosis depends on the type of tumor and the treatment established. Risk
factors associated with recurrence and metastasis include lesion size > 2 cm in
diameter, location in the central part of the face or ears, long duration of the
lesion, incomplete excision, aggressive histological type, or perineural or
perivascular involvement[9 ].
The following treatment options are available: curettage, electrocoagulation,
conventional surgery, topical or intralesional agents, radiotherapy, Mohs
micrographic surgery, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and systemic therapies. The
therapeutic approach depends on the stage, the clinicopathological pattern of the
lesion, and the patient’s clinical conditions[10 ].
According to the 2023 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)
guidelines[11 ]
[12 ], conventional surgery is the
first-line treatment for low-risk non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC); in addition,
radiation therapy is an important adjuvant therapy. For patients with high-risk BCCs
and SCCs, first-line therapy consists of Mohs micrographic surgery and complete
circumferential and deep margin excision (CCPDMA).
In the SUS, the main flow is based on the therapeutic options of conventional surgery
and radiotherapy. In this sense, some therapeutic options useful in the treatment
of
NMSC, such as Mohs micrographic surgery and the CCPDMA excision technique, have
little space in the SUS Network, mainly due to their high cost. Such options are
extremely relevant for the treatment, mainly of high-risk NMSC, in addition to being
able to be used with the objective of obtaining a better aesthetic result in
numerous cases.
Therefore, with so many variations and aspects of treatment, a constant
epidemiological evaluation of the types of NMSC and outcomes becomes of fundamental
importance, as well as a systematization of the care of these patients in search of
better therapeutic options and better outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
To develop an epidemiological profile of patients with NMSC who underwent surgery
at
the plastic surgery service of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Federal University
of Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG) in Belo Horizonte.
METHOD
The research project consists of carrying out a descriptive epidemiological study
of
patients with suspected or diagnosed non-melanoma skin cancer undergoing surgical
treatment at the Borges da Costa Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas of
UFMG during the period from April 2023 to August 2023.
After a literature review, variables were considered for stratification and defining
conduct in these patients, in addition to modifications made in order to adapt the
practice of HC-UFMG. Among the variables, data such as date of birth, sex, sun
exposure, immunosuppressed patient, topography of the lesion, surgical conduct
adopted, margin performed, and margin compromise, among others, are included.
From this, a form model ([Figure 1 ]) was developed
for data collection in the field, which was used to collect all variables contained
in the epidemiological analysis.
Figure 1. Form for collecting research data.
The data were stored in the form of tables to relate the variables of interest. We
then obtained the results necessary to perform prevalence calculations. These data
were organized in the form of tables and subjected to statistical analysis.
This study has the following Certificate of Presentation of Ethical Appreciation
(CAAE): 71468522.0.0000.5125. It was submitted on 06/23/2023.
RESULTS
In the analyzed group of 26 people, the average age of the patients treated was 69
years. In total, 9 (34.6%) were male and 17 (65.3%) were female. All were considered
candidates for surgical treatment of a suspected or diagnosed NMSC lesion on the
face. Of these, 88.4% were white, 3.8% were black, and 7% were light brown.
Regarding risk factors, it was identified that 88.4% of patients had a history of
long-term sun exposure, but only 19.2% had a history of regular sunscreen use. In
addition, 21.4% had a history of smoking, and 7.8% of patients were
immunosuppressed. Among the patients included in the study, 100% were from Minas
Gerais, 38.4% from Belo Horizonte, and 26.9% were patients referred from some
service of HC-UFMG, with the remainder coming from external referrals.
Regarding the evaluation by a dermatologist prior to the plastic surgery
consultation, it was identified that only 38.4% were evaluated by this specialist
before arriving at the service. Furthermore, of the total number of patients
analyzed, 38.4% had not had a previous biopsy. Of those who had a prior biopsy,
93.3% were BCC, and 6.6% were SCC.
Regarding the topographic distribution of lesions on the face, we identified that
the
main affected region was the nose (53.8%), followed by the middle lateral third of
the face (20.5%) and forehead (12.8%) ([Figure 2 ]).
Figure 2. Distribution of the number of lesions in relation to the affected
topography.
Regarding the type of lesion to be surgically treated, 69.4% were primary lesions,
25.0% were lesions with compromised margins, and 5.5% were recurrent lesions. In
total, 39 lesions were resected, and an average of 1.5 lesions were surgically
treated per patient. The approach involved complete excision with margins in 83.7%
of patients, excisional biopsy in 13.5% of patients, and incisional biopsy in 2.7%
of patients.
Among the methods used to determine the margin, 65.7% were “by eye,” and 34.2% were
using a ruler. In 100% of the surgical approaches, an anesthetic with a
vasoconstrictor was used. In 51.4% of the lesions, the synthesis was with a graft;
in 31.4%, the synthesis was primary; and in 17.1%, the synthesis was with a flap.
Regarding the surgical approach, 62.5% were the primary approach, and 37.5% were
reapproaching. The largest dimension measured of the removed tumors was 20.4 mm,
with the average margin being 3.70 mm.
Regarding the anatomopathological results of the reported lesions, 86.1% of the
results showed BCC, 5.5% showed actinic keratosis, 5.5% showed SCC, and 2.7% showed
unchanged skin. Regarding the margin, 55.8% had free margins, 41.1% had compromised
margins, and 2.9% had narrow margins. Regarding lesion infiltration, 5.8% of the
lesions were affecting the adjacent tissue.
DISCUSSION
Regarding the age group involved in the onset of non-melanoma skin cancer, according
to INCA data from 2022, it occurs mainly from 40 years of age and in people with
fair skin, which was compatible with the present study, which found that 88.4% of
the patients identified had white skin and an average age of 69 years, with the
youngest patient being 42 years old. This is mainly related to the long period of
sun exposure due to photoaging and the occurrence of genetic mutations in skin
cells[13 ].
It was observed in the present study that age correlates with the incidence of
multiple lesions since patients under 69 years of age tended to have a lower number
of lesions (1.36 lesions/patient), and patients over 69 years of age tended to have
a higher number (1.66 lesions/patient) ([Figure 3 ]).
Figure 3. Average number of injuries addressed by age group.
Regarding the established flow, it was possible to observe in the present study that
the average margin was 3.70 mm in patients treated at the Plastic Surgery Service
of
HC-UFMG. This data contrasts with the NCCN recommendation for BCC and SCC of a
margin of at least 4 mm for low-risk NMSC11,12. Another point observed was that in
approximately 65.7% of surgical approaches, the method of choice for defining the
margins was “by eye” without the use of a precise numerical method for defining
margins.
The guideline also states that flaps should not be used until the free margin has
been established, with primary synthesis, synthesis by secondary intention, and
grafts being acceptable in this case; however, it was shown that in the service in
question, in 17.1% of the approaches, the flap had been used as a form of
reconstruction of the lesion, and of these, only 40% came with free margins after
the procedure.
The present study revealed that patients did not have a well-established risk
stratification, which consequently led to them being treated in a generalized
manner. Furthermore, the data collected for the research in question were poorly
recorded in the institution’s medical records. These gaps in the service indicate
the need for a well-established protocol for managing NMSC in the hospital.
It was identified that 5.5% of the lesions were recurrent, that is, the occurrence
of
a new lesion in the same topography as a lesion previously considered cured. Despite
the low value, it is still a considerable number since there are surgical methods
available that aim to reduce recurrence, such as Mohs micrographic surgery, when
compared to conventional surgical excision, but it is known that this is still a
method that is not widely available in the SUS[14 ].
The anatomopathological results are in line with those recommended by the
NCCN[11 ]
[12 ] since a direct relationship was observed with the
recommended minimum margin of 4-6 mm and the eventual outcomes in relation to margin
compromise, as observed in [Figure 4 ] which in
lesions with margins smaller than 4 mm, 41.1% had free margins, in those with
margins between 4-6 mm, 50.0% had free margins, and in lesions with margins > 6
mm, 75.0% of the results identified free margins.
Figure 4. Percentage occurrence of free margins for different realized margin
values.
CONCLUSION
This study allowed us to understand the epidemiological profile of patients treated
and monitored by the Plastic Surgery Service at the Hospital das Clínicas of UFMG
from March to August 2023. In order to propose measures to improve the flow of
patients with NMSC in the hospital in question, the following stood out: the
importance of systematizing the care flow for better compilation and evaluation of
patients with NMSC within the institution and the epidemiological particularities
of
the patients treated at the service could be traced and evaluated with the
application of the proposed form.
It is also concluded that the epidemiological model and surgical quality indicators
found in this project can be used not only for the Borges da Costa Outpatient Clinic
of the Hospital das Clínicas of UFMG but by other hospitals to direct efforts to
improve hospital quality and morbidity of patients with NMSC.
These improvements include improved patient flow with a better recording of biopsy
topography, better recording of the number of recurrences, and better recording of
possible important variables for risk stratification of lesions that may interfere
with the management and morbidity of these patients. Therefore, better organization
of patient and lesion data is expected, data that are routinely lost in patients
treated by multiple professionals without the use of an integrated protocol between
dermatology, outpatient surgery and plastic surgery in the hospital.
Bibliographical Record
