Präklinische Einblicke in das Zusammenspiel von Mikrobiota und Verhalten

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Psychische Krankheiten treten heutzutage verstärkt auf, allerdings sind die Grundlagen und Mechanismen der Entwicklung weitestgehend unerforscht. Trotz einer erfolgreichen Behandlung bei den meisten Patienten bleiben 30 % behandlungsresistent, daher evaluiert die Forschung fortlaufend alternative Behandlungsmöglichkeiten. Neue Ergebnisse in Nagern zeigen eine veränderte Zusammensetzung der Darmmikrobiota in Tiermodellen für depressionsähnliches Verhalten und eine Adaptation des Verhaltens bei einer Manipulation derselben. Auch in depressiven Patienten ist eine Veränderung der Darmmikrobiota-Komposition zu beobachten. Die Mikrobiota-Darm-Hirn-Achse beschreibt die komplexe Kommunikation zwischen Darm und Gehirn durch verschiedenste Systeme. Eine Dysfunktion der Achsenkomponenten scheint zur Entwicklung psychischer Krankheiten beizutragen und kann daher als neue Behandlungsmöglichkeit dienen. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit demonstrieren wir Nachweise einer Funktion der Mikrobiota-Darm-Hirn-Achse in der Regulation von tierischem Verhalten und diskutieren den potenziellen Effekt dieser Regulation als Nutzen für die pharmakologische Intervention in Patienten.

ABSTRACT

Psychiatric disorders are a huge burden for society and the leading cause for disability worldwide; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Despite a successful treatment in the majority of patients, about 30 % remain treatment-resistant. Thus, modern research focuses on the evaluation of novel therapeutic targets, like the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Recent studies in rodents show evidence for the impact of gut microbiota on behaviour as manipulation of gut microbiota changes behaviour. Interestingly, in both animal models for psychiatric disorders and patients suffering from major depressive disorder, an altered microbiota composition was found. An abnormal functioning of the systems involved in the microbiota-gut-brain axis might contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders and therefore represents a promising target for new treatment options. The current review gives a short overview about the current knowledge regarding the impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the regulation of rodent behaviour and aims to discuss the translational impact for pharmacological intervention in patients with psychiatric disorders.

Schlüsselwörter

Mikrobiota - Verhalten - Neurobiologie - Mikrobiota-Darm-Hirn-Achse

Key words

Microbiota - behaviour - neurobiology - microbiota-gut-brain axis

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