Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43(05): 646-661
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742385
Review Article

Nutrition in Asthma

Evan J. Williams
1   Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
,
Bronwyn S. Berthon
1   Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
,
Isobel Stoodley
1   Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
,
Lily M. Williams
1   Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
,
Lisa G. Wood
1   Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

An emerging body of evidence suggests that diet plays an important role in both the development and management of asthma. The relationship between dietary intake and asthma risk has been explored in epidemiological studies, though intervention trials examining the effects of nutrient intake and dietary patterns on asthma management are scarce. Evidence for diets high in fruits and vegetables, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids and soluble fiber such as the Mediterranean diet is conflicting. However, some studies suggest that these diets may reduce the risk of asthma, particularly in young children, and could have positive effects on disease management. In contrast, a Westernized dietary pattern, high in saturated fatty acids, refined grains, and sugars may promote an inflammatory environment resulting in the onset of disease and worsening of asthma outcomes. This review will summarize the state of the evidence for the impact of whole dietary patterns, as well as individual nutrients, on the prevalence and management of asthma.

Keywords

asthma - nutrition - bronchoconstriction


Publication History

Article published online:
10 March 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Nyenhuis SM, Dixon AE, Ma J. Impact of lifestyle interventions targeting healthy diet, physical activity, and weight loss on asthma in adults: what is the evidence?. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018; 6 (03) 751-763
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Allen S, Britton JR, Leonardi-Bee JA. Association between antioxidant vitamins and asthma outcome measures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2009; 64 (07) 610-619
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Li J, Xun P, Zamora D. et al. Intakes of long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs and fish in relation to incidence of asthma among American young adults: the CARDIA study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97 (01) 173-178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Williams LM, Scott HA, Wood LG. Soluble fibre as a treatment for inflammation in asthma. J Nutr Intermed Metab 2019; 18: 100108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 von Ehrenstein OS, Aralis H, Flores ME, Ritz B. Fast food consumption in pregnancy and subsequent asthma symptoms in young children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26 (06) 571-577
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Carey OJ, Cookson JB, Britton J, Tattersfield AE. The effect of lifestyle on wheeze, atopy, and bronchial hyperreactivity in Asian and white children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154 (2 Pt 1): 537-540
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Huang S-L, Lin K-C, Pan W-H. Dietary factors associated with physician-diagnosed asthma and allergic rhinitis in teenagers: analyses of the first Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31 (02) 259-264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Wickens K, Barry D, Friezema A. et al. Fast foods—are they a risk factor for asthma?. Allergy 2005; 60 (12) 1537-1541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Hijazi N, Abalkhail B, Seaton A. Diet and childhood asthma in a society in transition: a study in urban and rural Saudi Arabia. Thorax 2000; 55 (09) 775-779
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Varraso R, Kauffmann F, Leynaert B. et al. Dietary patterns and asthma in the E3N study. Eur Respir J 2009; 33 (01) 33-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Medina-Remón A, Kirwan R, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Estruch R. Dietary patterns and the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and neurodegenerative diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 58 (02) 262-296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Wood LG, Garg ML, Smart JM, Scott HA, Barker D, Gibson PG. Manipulating antioxidant intake in asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96 (03) 534-543
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Wood LG, Gibson PG, Garg ML. Biomarkers of lipid peroxidation, airway inflammation and asthma. Eur Respir J 2003; 21 (01) 177-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Zhu L, Ni Z, Luo X, Wang X. Advance of antioxidants in asthma treatment. World J Respirol 2017; 7 (01) 17-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Biagioli MC, Kaul P, Singh I, Turner RB. The role of oxidative stress in rhinovirus induced elaboration of IL-8 by respiratory epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26 (3-4): 454-462
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Guilleminault L, Williams EJ, Scott HA, Berthon BS, Jensen M, Wood LG. Diet and asthma: is it time to adapt our message?. Nutrients 2017; 9 (11) 9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Moreno-Macias H, Romieu I. Effects of antioxidant supplements and nutrients on patients with asthma and allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133 (05) 1237-1244 , quiz 1245
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 West CE, Dunstan J, McCarthy S. et al. Associations between maternal antioxidant intakes in pregnancy and infant allergic outcomes. Nutrients 2012; 4 (11) 1747-1758
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Martindale S, McNeill G, Devereux G, Campbell D, Russell G, Seaton A. Antioxidant intake in pregnancy in relation to wheeze and eczema in the first two years of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (02) 121-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Litonjua AA, Rifas-Shiman SL, Ly NP. et al. Maternal antioxidant intake in pregnancy and wheezing illnesses in children at 2 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84 (04) 903-911
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Emmanouil E, Manios Y, Grammatikaki E. et al. Association of nutrient intake and wheeze or asthma in a Greek pre-school population. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21 (1 Pt 1): 90-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Forastiere F, Pistelli R, Sestini P. et al. Consumption of fresh fruit rich in vitamin C and wheezing symptoms in children. SIDRIA Collaborative Group, Italy (Italian Studies on Respiratory Disorders in Children and the Environment). Thorax 2000; 55 (04) 283-288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 de Luis DA, Armentia A, Aller R. et al. Dietary intake in patients with asthma: a case control study. Nutrition 2005; 21 (03) 320-324
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Kelly FJ, Mudway I, Blomberg A, Frew A, Sandström T. Altered lung antioxidant status in patients with mild asthma. Lancet 1999; 354 (9177): 482-483
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Misso NLA, Brooks-Wildhaber J, Ray S, Vally H, Thompson PJ. Plasma concentrations of dietary and nondietary antioxidants are low in severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2005; 26 (02) 257-264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Patel BD, Welch AA, Bingham SA. et al. Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults. Thorax 2006; 61 (05) 388-393
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Thompson RL, Songhurst CE, Margetts BM, Burney PG. Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults: population-based case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164 (10 Pt 1): 1823-1828
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Beckhaus AA, Garcia-Marcos L, Forno E, Pacheco-Gonzalez RM, Celedón JC, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and risk of asthma, wheeze, and atopic diseases during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 2015; 70 (12) 1588-1604
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Wu H, Zhang C, Wang Y, Li Y. Does vitamin E prevent asthma or wheeze in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Respir Rev 2018; 27: 60-68
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Larkin EK, Gao YT, Gebretsadik T. et al. New risk factors for adult-onset incident asthma. A nested case-control study of host antioxidant defense. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191 (01) 45-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Cook-Mills JM, Abdala-Valencia H, Hartert T. Two faces of vitamin E in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188 (03) 279-284
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Bai YJ, Dai RJ. Serum levels of vitamin A and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) as reflectors of pulmonary function and quality of life (QOL) in children with stable asthma: a case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97 (07) e9830
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Andino D, Moy J, Gaynes BI. Serum vitamin A, zinc and visual function in children with moderate to severe persistent asthma. J Asthma 2019; 56 (11) 1198-1203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Gilliland FD, Berhane KT, Li YF, Gauderman WJ, McConnell R, Peters J. Children's lung function and antioxidant vitamin, fruit, juice, and vegetable intake. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158 (06) 576-584
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Talaei M, Hughes DA, Mahmoud O. et al. Dietary intake of vitamin A, lung function and incident asthma in childhood. Eur Respir J 2021; 58 (04) 58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Parr CL, Magnus MC, Karlstad Ø. et al. Vitamin A and D intake in pregnancy, infant supplementation, and asthma development: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107 (05) 789-798
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Kalayci O, Besler T, Kilinç K, Sekerel BE, Saraçlar Y. Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins (alpha tocopherol, beta carotene, and ascorbic acid) in children with bronchial asthma. Turk J Pediatr 2000; 42 (01) 17-21
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Rubin RN, Navon L, Cassano PA. Relationship of serum antioxidants to asthma prevalence in youth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169 (03) 393-398
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Hämäläinen N, Nwaru BI, Erlund I. et al. Serum carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations and risk of asthma in childhood: a nested case-control study. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47 (03) 401-409
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Harik-Khan RI, Muller DC, Wise RA. Serum vitamin levels and the risk of asthma in children. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159 (04) 351-357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Wood LG, Garg ML, Blake RJ, Garcia-Caraballo S, Gibson PG. Airway and circulating levels of carotenoids in asthma and healthy controls. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24 (06) 448-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Woods RK, Walters EH, Raven JM. et al. Food and nutrient intakes and asthma risk in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78 (03) 414-421
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Nagel G, Linseisen J. Dietary intake of fatty acids, antioxidants and selected food groups and asthma in adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59 (01) 8-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Tan-Un KC, Chang KR, Chan-Yeung MMW. Use of a food frequency questionnaire on Chinese diet to assess antioxidant status in individuals with asthma. Nutr Res 2004; 24: 509-519
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Anderson R, Hay I, van Wyk HA, Theron A. Ascorbic acid in bronchial asthma. S Afr Med J 1983; 63 (17) 649-652
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Hemilä H, Al-Biltagi M, Baset AA. Vitamin C and asthma in children: modification of the effect by age, exposure to dampness and the severity of asthma. Clin Transl Allergy 2011; 1 (01) 9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Schachter EN, Schlesinger A. The attenuation of exercise-induced bronchospasm by ascorbic acid. Ann Allergy 1982; 49 (03) 146-151
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Mohsenin V, Dubois AB, Douglas JS. Effect of ascorbic acid on response to methacholine challenge in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127 (02) 143-147
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Kordansky DW, Rosenthal RR, Norman PS. The effect of vitamin C on antigen-induced bronchospasm. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1979; 63 (01) 61-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Malo JL, Cartier A, Pineau L, L'Archevêque J, Ghezzo H, Martin RR. Lack of acute effects of ascorbic acid on spirometry and airway responsiveness to histamine in subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 78 (06) 1153-1158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Ting S, Mansfield LE, Yarbrough J. Effects of ascorbic acid on pulmonary functions in mild asthma. J Asthma 1983; 20 (01) 39-42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Nadi E, Tavakoli F, Zeraati F, Goodarzi MT, Hashemi SH. Effect of vitamin C administration on leukocyte vitamin C level and severity of bronchial asthma. Acta Med Iran 2012; 50 (04) 233-238
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Tecklenburg SL, Mickleborough TD, Fly AD, Bai Y, Stager JM. Ascorbic acid supplementation attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Respir Med 2007; 101 (08) 1770-1778
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Anah CO, Jarike LN, Baig HA. High dose ascorbic acid in Nigerian asthmatics. Trop Geogr Med 1980; 32 (02) 132-137
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Fogarty A, Lewis SA, Scrivener SL. et al. Oral magnesium and vitamin C supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33 (10) 1355-1359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Fogarty A, Lewis SA, Scrivener SL. et al. Corticosteroid sparing effects of vitamin C and magnesium in asthma: a randomised trial. Respir Med 2006; 100 (01) 174-179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Kohn CM, Paudyal P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of complementary and alternative medicine in asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26 (143) 160092
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Hemilä H. Vitamin C may alleviate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2013; 3 (06) e002416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Pearson PJ, Lewis SA, Britton J, Fogarty A. Vitamin E supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomised placebo controlled trial. Thorax 2004; 59 (08) 652-656
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Burbank AJ, Duran CG, Pan Y. et al. Gamma tocopherol-enriched supplement reduces sputum eosinophilia and endotoxin-induced sputum neutrophilia in volunteers with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141 (04) 1231-1238.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Hoskins A, Roberts II JL, Milne G, Choi L, Dworski R. Natural-source d-α-tocopheryl acetate inhibits oxidant stress and modulates atopic asthma in humans in vivo. Allergy 2012; 67 (05) 676-682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Checkley W, West Jr KP, Wise RA. et al. Supplementation with vitamin A early in life and subsequent risk of asthma. Eur Respir J 2011; 38 (06) 1310-1319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Kiraly N, Benn CS, Biering-Sørensen S. et al. Vitamin A supplementation and BCG vaccination at birth may affect atopy in childhood: long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Allergy 2013; 68 (09) 1168-1176
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Reifen R, Berkovich Z, Mandelberg A. Vitamin A supplementation via aerosol spray in asthmatic children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26 (06) 578-579
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Wood LG, Garg ML, Powell H, Gibson PG. Lycopene-rich treatments modify noneosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma: proof of concept. Free Radic Res 2008; 42 (01) 94-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their health benefits. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2018; 9: 345-381
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Harris WS. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a case for omega-3 index as a new risk factor. Pharmacol Res 2007; 55 (03) 217-223
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Umesawa M, Yamagishi K, Iso H. Intake of fish and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of diseases in a Japanese population: a narrative review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75 (06) 902-920
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Verschuren WM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BP. et al. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA 1995; 274 (02) 131-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Brigham EP, Kolahdooz F, Hansel N. et al. Association between Western diet pattern and adult asthma: a focused review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114 (04) 273-280
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Thien FCK, De Luca S, Woods RK, Abramson MJ. Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (03) CD001283
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Reisman J, Schachter HM, Dales RE. et al. Treating asthma with omega-3 fatty acids: where is the evidence? A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med 2006; 6: 26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Thien FCK, De Luca S, Woods RK, Abramson MJ. Cochrane review: dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Evid Based Child Health 2011; 6: 984-1012
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Lane K, Derbyshire E, Li W, Brennan C. Bioavailability and potential uses of vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids: a review of the literature. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54 (05) 572-579
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Brenna JT, Salem Jr N, Sinclair AJ, Cunnane SC. International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids, ISSFAL. alpha-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80 (2-3): 85-91
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Meyer BJ. Australians are not meeting the recommended intakes for omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: results of an Analysis from the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Nutrients 2016; 8 (03) 111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Muhlhausler BS, Ailhaud GP. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the early origins of obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013; 20 (01) 56-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56 (08) 365-379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Wang B, Wu L, Chen J. et al. Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6 (01) 94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Spector AA. Essentiality of fatty acids. Lipids 1999; 34 (suppl): S1-S3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Innes JK, Calder PC. Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 132: 41-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Calder PC. Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1851 (04) 469-484
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Malmir H, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Fish consumption during pregnancy and risk of allergic diseases in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Venter C, Agostoni C, Arshad SH. et al. Dietary factors during pregnancy and atopic outcomes in childhood: a systematic review from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31 (08) 889-912
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Papamichael MM, Shrestha SK, Itsiopoulos C, Erbas B. The role of fish intake on asthma in children: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29 (04) 350-360
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Magnusson J, Ekström S, Kull I. et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma at 8 years and subsequent allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142 (02) 510-516.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Brigham EP, Woo H, McCormack M. et al. Omega-3 and Omega-6 intake modifies asthma severity and response to indoor air pollution in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199 (12) 1478-1486
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Troisi RJ, Willett WC, Weiss ST, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B, Speizer FE. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151 (05) 1401-1408
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Ng TP, Niti M, Yap KB, Tan WC. Dietary and supplemental antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrient intakes and pulmonary function. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17 (09) 2081-2086
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Wang D, Dai J. Effects of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy on asthma or wheeze of children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 33 (10) 1792-1801
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Gunaratne AW, Makrides M, Collins CT. Maternal prenatal and/or postnatal n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) supplementation for preventing allergies in early childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (07) CD010085
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Klemens CM, Berman DR, Mozurkewich EL. The effect of perinatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers and allergic diseases: a systematic review. BJOG 2011; 118 (08) 916-925
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Muley P, Shah M, Muley A. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children to prevent asthma: is it worthy?—a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy (Cairo) 2015; 2015: 312052
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 van Brakel L, Mensink RP, Wesseling G, Plat J. Nutritional interventions to improve asthma-related outcomes through immunomodulation: a systematic review. Nutrients 2020; 12 (12) 12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Mickleborough TD, Vaughn CL, Shei RJ, Davis EM, Wilhite DP. Marine lipid fraction PCSO-524 (lyprinol/omega XL) of the New Zealand green lipped mussel attenuates hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Respir Med 2013; 107 (08) 1152-1163
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Emelyanov A, Fedoseev G, Krasnoschekova O, Abulimity A, Trendeleva T, Barnes PJ. Treatment of asthma with lipid extract of New Zealand green-lipped mussel: a randomised clinical trial. Eur Respir J 2002; 20 (03) 596-600
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Moreira A, Moreira P, Delgado L. et al. Pilot study of the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with stable asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2007; 17 (05) 309-313
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Schubert R, Kitz R, Beermann C. et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in asthma after low-dose allergen challenge. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 148 (04) 321-329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Hodge L, Salome CM, Hughes JM. et al. Effect of dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on severity of asthma in children. Eur Respir J 1998; 11 (02) 361-365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Brannan JD, Bood J, Alkhabaz A. et al. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, sputum eosinophilia, and mast cell mediators in asthma. Chest 2015; 147 (02) 397-405
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Ionescu AA, Fly AD. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Chest 2006; 129 (01) 39-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Dreßler M, Fussbroich D, Böhler L. et al. Oil supplementation with a special combination of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids does not protect for exercise induced asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19 (01) 167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Williams NC, Hunter KA, Shaw DE, Jackson KG, Sharpe GR, Johnson MA. Comparable reductions in hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and markers of airway inflammation after supplementation with 6·2 and 3·1 g/d of long-chain n-3 PUFA in adults with asthma. Br J Nutr 2017; 117 (10) 1379-1389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Lang JE, Mougey EB, Hossain MJ. et al. Fish oil supplementation in overweight/obese patients with uncontrolled asthma. a randomized trial. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16 (05) 554-562
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. Recommendations for intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Healthy Adults. ISSFAL June 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 106 Nestel P, Clifton P, Colquhoun D. et al. Indications for omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Heart Lung Circ 2015; 24 (08) 769-779
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Key TJ. Nutrition and lifestyle in relation to bowel movement frequency: a cross-sectional study of 20630 men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7 (01) 77-83
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 National Health and Medical Research Council Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing New Zealand Ministry of Health. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand. Canberra: NHMRC; 2006
    Google Scholar
  • 109 Berthon BS, McLoughlin RF, Jensen ME. et al. The effects of increasing fruit and vegetable intake in children with asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51 (09) 1144-1156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Hosseini B, Berthon BS, Wark P, Wood LG. Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on risk of asthma, wheezing and immune responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9 (04) 9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Andrianasolo RM, Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E. et al. Association between dietary fibre intake and asthma (symptoms and control): results from the French national e-cohort NutriNet-Santé. Br J Nutr 2019; 122 (09) 1040-1051
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Berthon BS, Macdonald-Wicks LK, Gibson PG, Wood LG. Investigation of the association between dietary intake, disease severity and airway inflammation in asthma. Respirology 2013; 18 (03) 447-454
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Wood LG, Shivappa N, Berthon BS, Gibson PG, Hebert JR. Dietary inflammatory index is related to asthma risk, lung function and systemic inflammation in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45 (01) 177-183
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Pujari R, Banerjee G. Impact of prebiotics on immune response: from the bench to the clinic. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99 (03) 255-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Carlson JL, Erickson JM, Hess JM, Gould TJ, Slavin JL. Prebiotic dietary fiber and gut health: comparing the in vitro fermentations of beta-glucan, inulin and xylooligosaccharide. Nutrients 2017; 9 (12) 9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Halnes I, Baines KJ, Berthon BS, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Gibson PG, Wood LG. Soluble fibre meal challenge reduces airway inflammation and expression of GPR43 and GPR41 in asthma. Nutrients 2017; 9 (01) 9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 McLoughlin R, Berthon BS, Rogers GB. et al. Soluble fibre supplementation with and without a probiotic in adults with asthma: a 7-day randomised, double blind, three way cross-over trial. EBioMedicine 2019; 46: 473-485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Thorburn AN, McKenzie CI, Shen S. et al. Evidence that asthma is a developmental origin disease influenced by maternal diet and bacterial metabolites. Nat Commun 2015; 6: 7320
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES, Yadava K. et al. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat Med 2014; 20 (02) 159-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Rastall RA, Gibson GR. Recent developments in prebiotics to selectively impact beneficial microbes and promote intestinal health. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 32: 42-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Laforest-Lapointe I, Arrieta MC. Patterns of early-life gut microbial colonization during human immune development: an ecological perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8: 788
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N. et al. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108 (Suppl. 01) 4578-4585
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Cuello-Garcia C, Fiocchi A, Pawankar R. et al. Prebiotics for the prevention of allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47 (11) 1468-1477
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Cuello-Garcia CA, Brożek JL, Fiocchi A. et al. Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136 (04) 952-961
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Bseikri M, McCann JC, Lal A. et al. A novel nutritional intervention improves lung function in overweight/obese adolescents with poorly controlled asthma: the Supplemental Nutrition in Asthma Control (SNAC) pilot study. FASEB J 2018; 32: 6643-6654
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 van de Pol MA, Lutter R, Smids BS, Weersink EJ, van der Zee JS. Synbiotics reduce allergen-induced T-helper 2 response and improve peak expiratory flow in allergic asthmatics. Allergy 2011; 66 (01) 39-47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Williams NC, Johnson MA, Shaw DE. et al. A prebiotic galactooligosaccharide mixture reduces severity of hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and markers of airway inflammation. Br J Nutr 2016; 116 (05) 798-804
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Crowe KM. Designing functional foods with bioactive polyphenols: highlighting lessons learned from original plant matrices. J Human Nutr Food Sci 2013; 1 (03) 1018
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Dima C, Assadpour E, Dima S, Jafari SM. Bioavailability of nutraceuticals: role of the food matrix, processing conditions, the gastrointestinal tract, and nanodelivery systems. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19 (03) 954-994
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Forte GC, da Silva DTR, Hennemann ML, Sarmento RA, Almeida JC, de Tarso Roth Dalcin P. Diet effects in the asthma treatment: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 58 (11) 1878-1887
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Aguilera JM. The food matrix: implications in processing, nutrition and health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59 (22) 3612-3629
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Oliver A, Chase AB, Weihe C. et al. High-fiber, whole-food dietary intervention alters the human gut microbiome but not fecal short-chain fatty acids. mSystems 2021; 6 (02) e00115-e00121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN. et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 2014; 505 (7484): 559-563
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Zhu C, Sawrey-Kubicek L, Beals E. et al. Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and Mediterranean diet in 4 days: a pilot study. Nutr Res 2020; 77: 62-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Forno E, Celedón JC. The effect of obesity, weight gain, and weight loss on asthma inception and control. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 17 (02) 123-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Lv N, Xiao L, Ma J. Weight management interventions in adult and pediatric asthma populations: a systematic review. J Pulm Respir Med 2015; 5 (232) 1000232
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Okoniewski W, Lu KD, Forno E. Weight loss for children and adults with obesity and asthma. a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16 (05) 613-625
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Bach-Faig A, Berry EM, Lairon D. et al; Mediterranean Diet Foundation Expert Group. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr 2011; 14 (12A) 2274-2284
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM. et al; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med 2001; 344 (01) 3-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Bédard A, Li Z, Ait-Hadad W. et al. The role of nutritional factors in asthma: challenges and opportunities for epidemiological research. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18 (06) 3013
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Li Z, Kesse-Guyot E, Dumas O. et al. Longitudinal study of diet quality and change in asthma symptoms in adults, according to smoking status. Br J Nutr 2017; 117 (04) 562-571
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Seyedrezazadeh E, Moghaddam MP, Ansarin K, Vafa MR, Sharma S, Kolahdooz F. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of wheezing and asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2014; 72 (07) 411-428
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Akiki Z, Saadeh D, Farah R. et al. Asthma prevalence and associated factors among Lebanese adults: the first national survey. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21 (01) 162
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Romieu I, Varraso R, Avenel V, Leynaert B, Kauffmann F, Clavel-Chapelon F. Fruit and vegetable intakes and asthma in the E3N study. Thorax 2006; 61 (03) 209-215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Pagano R. Vegetable consumption and risk of chronic disease. Epidemiology 1998; 9 (02) 208-210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Bakolis I, Hooper R, Bachert C. et al. Dietary patterns and respiratory health in adults from nine European countries-Evidence from the GA2 LEN study. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48 (11) 1474-1482
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Bakolis I, Hooper R, Thompson RL, Shaheen SO. Dietary patterns and adult asthma: population-based case-control study. Allergy 2010; 65 (05) 606-615
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Butland BK, Strachan DP, Anderson HR. Fresh fruit intake and asthma symptoms in young British adults: confounding or effect modification by smoking?. Eur Respir J 1999; 13 (04) 744-750
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Garcia-Larsen V, Potts JF, Omenaas E. et al. Dietary antioxidants and 10-year lung function decline in adults from the ECRHS survey. Eur Respir J 2017; 50 (06) 1602286
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Garcia-Marcos L, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Weinmayr G, Panagiotakos DB, Priftis KN, Nagel G. Influence of Mediterranean diet on asthma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24 (04) 330-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Zhang Y, Lin J, Fu W, Liu S, Gong C, Dai J. Mediterranean diet during pregnancy and childhood for asthma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54 (07) 949-961
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Romieu I, Barraza-Villarreal A, Escamilla-Núñez C. et al. Dietary intake, lung function and airway inflammation in Mexico City school children exposed to air pollutants. Respir Res 2009; 10: 122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Alphantonogeorgos G, Panagiotakos DB, Grigoropoulou D. et al. Investigating the associations between Mediterranean diet, physical activity and living environment with childhood asthma using path analysis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2014; 14 (03) 226-233
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Arvaniti F, Priftis KN, Papadimitriou A. et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean type of diet is associated with lower prevalence of asthma symptoms, among 10-12 years old children: the PANACEA study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22 (03) 283-289
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Nagel G, Weinmayr G, Kleiner A, Garcia-Marcos L, Strachan DP. ISAAC Phase Two Study Group. Effect of diet on asthma and allergic sensitisation in the International Study on Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax 2010; 65 (06) 516-522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Grigoropoulou D, Priftis KN, Yannakoulia M. et al. Urban environment adherence to the Mediterranean diet and prevalence of asthma symptoms among 10- to 12-year-old children: The Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Allergies in Children Examined in Athens study. Allergy Asthma Proc 2011; 32 (05) 351-358
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 157 Rice JL, Romero KM, Galvez Davila RM. et al; GASP Study Investigators. Association between adherence to the mediterranean diet and asthma in peruvian children. Lung 2015; 193 (06) 893-899
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 158 Lv N, Xiao L, Ma J. Dietary pattern and asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Asthma Allergy 2014; 7: 105-121
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Papamichael MM, Itsiopoulos C, Susanto NH, Erbas B. Does adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern reduce asthma symptoms in children? A systematic review of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20 (15) 2722-2734
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 160 Akcay A, Tamay Z, Hocaoglu AB, Ergin A, Guler N. Risk factors affecting asthma prevalence in adolescents living in Istanbul, Turkey. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42 (05) 449-458
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Garcia-Marcos L, Canflanca IM, Garrido JB. et al. Relationship of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis with obesity, exercise and Mediterranean diet in Spanish schoolchildren. Thorax 2007; 62 (06) 503-508
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 162 Silveira DH, Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Vecchi AA, Susin LR. Association between dietary habits and asthma severity in children. Indian Pediatr 2015; 52 (01) 25-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 163 Gonzalez Barcala FJ, Pertega S, Bamonde L. et al. Mediterranean diet and asthma in Spanish schoolchildren. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21 (07) 1021-1027
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Grieger JA, Hodge A, Mishra G, Joham AE, Moran LJ. The Association between Dietary Intake, Asthma, and PCOS in Women from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. J Clin Med 2020; 9 (01) 233
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 Uddenfeldt M, Janson C, Lampa E. et al. High BMI is related to higher incidence of asthma, while a fish and fruit diet is related to a lower—results from a long-term follow-up study of three age groups in Sweden. Respir Med 2010; 104 (07) 972-980
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 166 Hooper R, Heinrich J, Omenaas E. et al. Dietary patterns and risk of asthma: results from three countries in European Community Respiratory Health Survey-II. Br J Nutr 2010; 103 (09) 1354-1365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Barros R, Moreira A, Padrão P. et al. Dietary patterns and asthma prevalence, incidence and control. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45 (11) 1673-1680
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 168 Brigham EP, Steffen LM, London SJ. et al. diet pattern and respiratory morbidity in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 15 (06) 675-682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 169 Barros R, Moreira A, Fonseca J. et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and fresh fruit intake are associated with improved asthma control. Allergy 2008; 63 (07) 917-923
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 170 El Bilbeisi AHH, Albelbeisi A, Hosseini S, Djafarian K. Dietary pattern and their association with level of asthma control among patients with asthma at Al-Shifa Medical Complex in Gaza Strip, Palestine. Nutr Metab Insights 2019; 12: 1178638819841394
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 171 Andrianasolo RM, Kesse-Guyot E, Adjibade M, Hercberg S, Galan P, Varraso R. Associations between dietary scores with asthma symptoms and asthma control in adults. Eur Respir J 2018; 52 (01) 1702572
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 172 Schulze MB, Martínez-González MA, Fung TT, Lichtenstein AH, Forouhi NG. Food based dietary patterns and chronic disease prevention. BMJ 2018; 361: k2396
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 173 Calatayud-Sáez FM, Calatayud Moscoso Del Prado B, Gallego Fernández-Pacheco JG, González-Martín C, Alguacil Merino LF. Mediterranean diet and childhood asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44 (02) 99-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 174 Papamichael MM, Katsardis C, Lambert K. et al. Efficacy of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with fatty fish in ameliorating inflammation in paediatric asthma: a randomised controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019; 32 (02) 185-197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 175 Sexton P, Black P, Metcalf P. et al. Influence of editerranean diet on asthma symptoms, lung function, and systemic inflammation: a randomized controlled trial. J Asthma 2013; 50 (01) 75-81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 176 Ma J, Strub P, Lv N. et al. Pilot randomised trial of a healthy eating behavioural intervention in uncontrolled asthma. Eur Respir J 2016; 47 (01) 122-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 177 Kopp W. How western diet and lifestyle drive the pandemic of obesity and civilization diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12: 2221-2236
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 178 Shi H, Kokoeva MV, Inouye K, Tzameli I, Yin H, Flier JS. TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2006; 116 (11) 3015-3025
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 179 Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, Andrews KG, Engell RE, Mozaffarian D. Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE). Global, regional and national consumption of major food groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys worldwide. BMJ Open 2015; 5 (09) e008705
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 180 Lee-Kwan SH, Moore LV, Blanck HM, Harris DM, Galuska D. Disparities in state-specific adult fruit and vegetable consumption—United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66 (45) 1241-1247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 181 Dietary Behaviour 2017–18 financial year. Australian Bureau of Satistics, 2018. Accessed October 8, 2021 at: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/dietary-behaviour/latest-release#fruit-and-vegetable-consumption
    Google Scholar
  • 182 Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS Data Brief 2020; (360) 1-8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 183 Health AIo, Welfare. Overweight and Obesity. Canberra: AIHW; 2020
    Google Scholar
  • 184 Wood LG, Li Q, Scott HA. et al. Saturated fatty acids, obesity, and the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143 (01) 305-315
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 185 Wood LG, Garg ML, Gibson PG. A high-fat challenge increases airway inflammation and impairs bronchodilator recovery in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127 (05) 1133-1140
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 186 Wood LG, Gibson PG. Dietary factors lead to innate immune activation in asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123 (01) 37-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 187 Li Q, Baines KJ, Gibson PG, Wood LG. Changes in expression of genes regulating airway inflammation following a high-fat mixed meal in asthmatics. Nutrients 2016; 8 (01) 8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 188 Scott HA, Gibson PG, Garg ML. et al. Dietary restriction and exercise improve airway inflammation and clinical outcomes in overweight and obese asthma: a randomized trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43 (01) 36-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 189 Peters U, Dixon AE, Forno E. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141 (04) 1169-1179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 190 Koebnick C, Fischer H, Daley MF. et al. Interacting effects of obesity, race, ethnicity and sex on the incidence and control of adult-onset asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2016; 12: 50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 191 Shi Z, Dal Grande E, Taylor AW, Gill TK, Adams R, Wittert GA. Association between soft drink consumption and asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults in Australia. Respirology 2012; 17 (02) 363-369
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 192 Park S, Akinbami LJ, McGuire LC, Blanck HM. Association of sugar-sweetened beverage intake frequency and asthma among U.S. adults, 2013. Prev Med 2016; 91: 58-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar