Die frühe postnatale Entwicklung der Cochlea des Goldhamsters

Zusammenfassung

Angeborene Schwerhörigkeit lässt sich frühzeitig diagnostizieren. Welche Strukturen der Cochlea geschädigt sind, bleibt weitgehend ungeklärt. Systematische Untersuchungen zur gezielten experimentellen Schädigung der Cochlea während der frühen Differenzierung können zur weiteren Klärung beitragen. Dafür muss ein Tiermodell etabliert werden, bei dem am einzelnen Individuum gezielte Schädigungen durchgeführt werden können. Deshalb wurde die Cochlea des Goldhamsters am 1., 5., 9. und 13. Tag nach der Geburt histologisch analysiert. Zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt befindet sich die Cochlea des Goldhamsters in der apikalen Windung in einem Entwicklungsstadium, das mit dem des Menschen zu Beginn des 2. Embryonalmonats vergleichbar ist. In der basalen Windung entspricht die Differenzierung des Ductus cochlearis beim Goldhamster dem des Menschen am Ende des 2. Embryonalmonats. Die Entwicklungsstadien des Ductus cochlearis am 5. Tag repräsentieren den gesamten 3. Embryonalmonat des Menschen (8. bis 12. Woche). Der Einfluss einer Noxe auf die Cochlea eines neugeborenen Goldhamsters ermöglicht an einem Individuum die pathohistologische und elektrophysiologische Analyse der Schädigung der Strukturen des Ductus cochlearis für alle Entwicklungsstadien der Cochlea beim Menschen während des gesamten zweiten Schwangerschaftsmonats.

The Early Postnatal Development of the Hamster Cochlea

Inborn deafness can be diagnosed very early. Deafness in early childhood can be caused by: genetic defects (30 % - 40 %), embryopathies, embryonic noxae (60 %) and pre-, peri- and postnatal noxae. Which structures of the cochlea are disturbed, is unknown in most cases. Systematic studies are necessary with directed experimental impairments of the cochlea in the early development to elucidate these mechanisms. An animal model has to be established in which directed impairments can be carried out in single individuals. The cochlea of the hamster is at birth in a very early state of development. In the apical turn the epithelial layer of the cochlear duct is undifferentiated, whereas in the basal turn the papilla basilaris (Kölliker's organ), the lateral wall and Reissner's membrane are visible. Between the base of the cochlea (1st coil lateral) and the apical part (3rd coil lateral) the difference in the development of the hamster cochlea is exactly four days. This is evident for the 1st and the 5th day after birth. The cochlea development of the hamster is very rapid. The development during one day represents one week of development in the human cochlea. The difference in development in one hamster cochlea from the apex to the base at a certain day representing four days of development is comparable with the development time of four weeks in human. The different developmental stages which are present in the hamster cochlea of a certain day represent the development of the human cochlea of a whole month. The hamster cochlea at the 1st day after birth covers the 2nd embryonic month of the human (4th to 8th week) and at the 5th day the 3rd embryonic month (8th to 12th week). The hamster cochlea at the 1st and the 5th day after birth is especially suitable to study experimental disturbances in the early stages of the development of the cochlear duct when the tectorial membrane, the spiral limbus, the stria vascularis, Reissners membrane and the external spiral Sulcus with the root cells are differentiating. The biggest advantage is that the noxae (hypoxia, teratogenic substances, ototoxic antibiotics and intense noise) can be applied to single individuals which offers better control than the treatment of the mother.

Schlüsselwörter:

Cochlea - Entwicklung - Histologie - Extrasensorische Elemente - Ductus cochlearis

Key words:

Cochlea - Development - Histology - Extrasensory elements - Cochlear duct

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1 Professor Neng-Run Wei ist Gastprofessor von der HNO-Klinik der Tong-ji Medizinischen Fakultät der Huazhong Universität der Wissenschaft und Technologie Wuhan Hubei VR China.