Die Bedeutung von Interneuronen bei affektiven und schizophrenen Erkrankungen

Zusammenfassung

Schizophrene und affektive Psychosen weisen pathomorphologische Veränderungen mit frontotemporalem Schwerpunkt auf. Die im präfrontalen Kortex beobachtete Volumenreduktion bei schizophrenen Patienten ist bei relativ erhöhter Zelldichte auf eine Neuropilreduktion zurückzuführen. Zusammen mit einer verminderten Expression synaptischer Proteine ist dies ein Hinweis auf eine gestörte neuronale Konnektivität. Für eine intakte Konnektivität sind aber auch Interneurone von großer Bedeutung. Bei schizophrenen und affektiven Psychosen sind GABA-erge Interneurone vermindert. Eine gestörte Verschaltung des glutamatergen, GABA-ergen und dopaminergen Systems könnten in Kombination mit der reduzierten Zahl von Interneuronen das Korrelat für ein defizientes neuronales Netzwerk sein, welches unter exogenen Faktoren psychotische Symptome generiert. Reelin bzw. sein Pathway stellen Kandidatenmoleküle dar, deren Fehlregulation wesentliche Merkmale des dysfunktionellen Netzwerkes bei der Schizophrenie erklären.

Abstract

In brains of patients with schizophrenic and affective disorders pathomorphological changes have been shown focussing in frontal and temporal cortex. The volume reduction in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients is hypothesized to be based on a reduction of neuropil. A decrease of synaptic proteins and a decrease of dendritic spines of pyramidal cells can additionally be the origin of disconnections of neurons. Affection of the glutamatergic, GABA-ergic and dopaminergic system and reduction of interneurons could be the correlate of a deficient neuronal network which might be combined with exogen factors generate psychotic symptoms. Reelin and associated proteins are candidate molecules. Their dysregulation might explain essential features of the dysfunctional network of schizophrenia.

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