Download PDF
Planta Med 2009; 75(7): 711-718
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1088389
Plant Analysis
Mini-Review
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Plant Analysis 2008 – Planar Chromatography

Eike Reich1 , Valeria Widmer1
  • 1CAMAG Laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland
Further Information

Publication History

Received: August 5, 2008 Revised: September 26, 2008

Accepted: October 3, 2008

Publication Date:
19 December 2008 (online)

   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

For 70 years, planar chromatography has been closely connected with the analysis of plants. Also today in its most advanced form ”high performance thin-layer chromatography” (HPTLC), the technique plays an important role in identification of medicinal plants and dietary supplements. Detection of adulteration and quantitative determination of marker substances are other widely used applications. The advancement of instrumentation and methodological concepts has created a basis for reliable qualitative and quantitative results in HPTLC. Remarkable progress has been made in the manageability of the entire planar chromatographic process, particularly in the control of chromatogram development and the utilization of images to obtain and compare information about separated samples. Integration of biological detection systems as well as hyphenation to mass spectrometry has widened the applicability of planar chromatography as an analytical technique that is both orthogonal and complementary to HPLC.

Key words

high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) - planar chromatography - plant analysis - identification - adulteration - quantitation - instrumentation

References

  • 1 Reich E, Schibli A. Stationary phases for planar separations – Plates for modern TLC.  LC GC. 2005;  23 58-69
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 The United States Pharmacopeia, 31st edition. The National Formulary, 26th edition. Rockville; The United States Pharmacopeial Convention 2008: chapter 621
    Google Scholar
  • 3 European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edition. Strasbourg; Council of Europe, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) 2005: 43-5
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Reich E. Recent advances in thin-layer chromatography. Proceedings of the USP Scientific Meeting, Denver, CO 2006. Available at http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/eventsEducation/asMeeting/2006Denver/presentations/track7session4.pdf Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Reich E, Blatter A, Meier B. TLC for the analysis of herbal drugs. A critical review of the status and proposal for improvement of monographs. Scientific Note.  Pharmeuropa. 2003;  15 424-30
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Reich E, Schibli A. A standardized approach to modern high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC).  J Planar Chromatogr. 2004;  17 438-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Koll K, Reich E, Blatter A, Veit M. Validation of standardized high-performance thin-layer chromatographic methods for quality control and stability testing of herbals.  J AOAC Int. 2003;  86 909-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Schibli A, Reich E. Modern TLC: A key technique for identification and quality control of botanicals and dietary supplements.  J Planar Chromatogr. 2005;  18 34-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 CAMAG. Handling of plates. Parameters of chromatography. Available at http://www.camag.com/laboratory/virtual-classroom/parameters-of-tlc.html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Widmer V, Schibli A, Reich E. Quantitative determination of β-asarone in Calamus by high-performance thin-layer chromatography.  J AOAC Int. 2005;  88 1562-7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Marston A, Kissling J, Hostettmann K. A rapid TLC bioautographic method for the detection of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors in plants.  Phytochem Anal. 2002;  13 51-4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Queiroz E F, Hay A E, Chaaib F, van Diemen D, Diallo D, Hostettmann K. New and active aromatic compounds from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. .  Planta Med. 2006;  72 746-50
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Widmer V, Reich E, DeBatt A. Validated HPTLC method for identification of Hoodia gordonii. .  J Planar Chromatogr. 2008;  21 21-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Upton R. Ginkgo leaf, Ginkgo leaf dry extract.  Santa Cruz: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic. compendium;  2003 12-7
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Reich E, Schibli A. High-performance thin-layer chromatography for the analysis of medicinal plants. New York; Thieme Medical Publishers Inc 2007
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Waksmundzka-Hajnos M, Sherma J, Kowalska T. Thin-layer chromatography in phytochemistry. Boca Raton FL; CRC Press 2008: 37-59
    Google Scholar
  • 17 CAMAG. HPTLC methods for the identification of medicinal plants. Available at http://www.camag.com/laboratory/methods/identification.html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 18 John D. Pharmacopoeia of China, Volume I, Appendix VI. Beijing; People’s Medical Publishing House 2005: 38-40
    Google Scholar
  • 19 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, packing, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements (cGMPs). Available at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/˜lrd/fr07625a.html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Reich E, Schibli A, DeBatt A. Validation of high-performance thin-layer chromatographic methods for the identification of botanicals in a cGMP environment.  J AOAC Int. 2008;  91 13-20
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Upton R. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium. Various monographs. 
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Wagner H, Bauer R. Chinese drug monographs and analysis. Koetzting/Bayer. Wald; Verlag für Ganzheitliche Medizin Dr. Erich Wuehr GmbH 2006
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Schibli A, Reich E. High performance thin-layer chromatographic analysis of aristolochic acids in Chinese drugs.  J Planar Chromatogr. 2004;  17 355-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Upton R. Characterization of selected plants that may contain or be adulterated with aristolochic acid. Scotts Valley; American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium 2006: 68-94
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Pharmeuropa. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM);. 2007 19: 658-60. Test for aristolochic acid I in herbal drugs (2.8.21). Draft monograph. 
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Ankli A, Reich E, Steiner M. A rapid HPTLC method for the detection of 5 % adulteration of black cohosh with Cimicifuga foetida, C. heracleifolia, C. dahurica, or C. americana. J AOAC Int, in press
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Sherma J. TLC and HPTLC analysis of herbal drugs and nutritional supplements. Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis.  Seria F Chemia. 2006;  9 5-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Caprez S. Development of methods for analysis of synthetic adulterants in herbal medicines by HPTLC [diploma thesis]. Basel; University of Basel 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Abourashed E A, Abdel-Kader M S, Habib A AM. HPTLC determination of sildenafil in pharmaceutical products and aphrodisiac herbal preparations.  J Planar Chromatogr. 2005;  18 372-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Reddy T S, Red S. Quantitative determination of sildenafil citrate in herbal medicinal formulations by high performance thin-layer chromatography.  J Planar Chromatogr. 2006;  19 427-31
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Abourashed E A, Mossa J S. HPTLC determination of caffeine in stimulant herbal products and power drinks.  J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2004;  36 617-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Esters V, Angenot L, Brandt V, Frédérich M, Tits M, Van Nerum C. et al . Validation of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography/densitometry method for the quantitative determination of glucosamine in a herbal dietary supplement.  J Chromatogr A. 2006;  1 – 2 64-77
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC. Budapest; Akademiai Kiado 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 34 CAMAG Cumulative Bibliography Service. Available at http://www. camag.com/cbs/ccbs.html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 35 Widmer V, Handloser D, Reich E. Quantitative HPTLC analysis of artemisinin in dried Artemisia annua L.: A practical approach.  J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2007;  30 2209-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Reich E. Instrumental thin-layer chromatography. In: Sherma J, Fried B, editors. Handbook of thin-layer chromatography.  New York: Marcel Dekker. Inc.;  2003 135-52.
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Geiss F. Fundamentals of thin layer chromatography (Planar Chromatography). Heidelberg: Dr.  Alfred Hüthig. Verlag;  1987 99-355
    Google Scholar
  • 38 CAMAG Automatic Developing Chamber ADC2. Information brochure. Available at http://www.camag.com/v/products/development/adc2. html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 39 CAMAG. MOA 001 Validated method for the identification of Green Tea. Available at http://www.camag.com/laboratory/methods/validated-methods.html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 40 CAMAG. Chromatogram development. Part 2. Parameters of chromatography. Available at http://www.camag.com/laboratory/virtual-classroom/parameters-of-tlc.html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 41 Prosek M, Golc-Wondra A, Vovk I, Zmitek J. Controlled drying in quantitative TLC. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Planar Separations Siofok, Hungary; 2005: 77-92
    Google Scholar
  • 42 Loppacher M. Improving TLC: reproducible chromatogram development. Available at http://www.labplusinternational.com/uploads/tx_ttproducts/datasheet/improving-tlc-reproduciblechromatogram-development.pdf Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 43 CAMAG Visualizer. Information brochure. Available at http://www. camag.com/v/products/documentation/tlc-visualizer.html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 44 Dammertz W, Reich E. Planar chromatography and densitometry. In: Nyiredy Sz, editor Planar chromatography. Budapest; Springer Scientific Publisher 2001: 234-46
    Google Scholar
  • 45 CAMAG Scanner 3. Information brochure. Available at http://www. camag.com/v/products/evaluation/scanner3.html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 46 Apers S, Naessens T, Pieters L, Vlietinck A. Densitometric thin-layer chromatographic determination of aescin in a herbal medicinal product containing Aesculus and Vitis dry extracts.  J Chromatogr A. 2006;  1112 165-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Sharma V, Gupta A P, Bhandari P, Gupta R C, Singh B. A validated and densitometric HPTLC method for the quantification of withaferin-A and withanolide-A in different plant parts of two morphotypes of Withania somnifera. .  Chromatographia. 2007;  66 801-4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Skarkova J, Ostry V, Ruprich J. Instrumental HPTLC determination of α-solanine and α-chaconine in peeled potato tubers.  J Planar Chromatogr. 2008;  21 113-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Singh A P, Singh D P, Srivastava S, Govindarajan R, Rawat A KS. A validated quantitative HPTLC method for analysis of biomarkers in Ficus carica L.  J Planar Chromatogr. 2007;  20 437-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Morlock G, Kovar K A. Detection, identification and documentation. In: Sherma J, Fried B, editors. Handbook of thin-layer chromatography. New York; Marcel Dekker Inc 2003: 207-38
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Essig S, Kovar K A. Impurity test of theophylline: comparison of classical slit scanner with videodensitometry.  J Planar Chromatogr. 1999;  12 63-5
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Xie P, Chen S, Liang Y Z, Wang X, Tian R, Upton R. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis – a rational approach for quality assessment of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.  J Chromatogr A. 2006;  1112 171-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 ChromaDex. Bioluminex assay. Available at http://www.bioluminex.com. Accessed July 29, 2008. 
    Google Scholar
  • 54 CAMAG. BioLuminizer® for bioluminescence detection. Available at http://www.camag.com/v/products/evaluation/bioluminizer.html Accessed July 29, 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 55 Verbitski S M, Gourdin G T, Ikenouye L M, McChesney J D, Hildreth J. Detection of Actaea racemosa adulteration by thin-layer chromatography and combined thin-layer chromatography-bioluminescence.  J AOAC Int. 2008;  91 268-75
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Morlock G, Schwack W. Planar chromatography – back to the future?.  LCGC Europe. 2008;  21 366-71
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Van Berkel G J, Tomkins B A, Kertesz V. Thin-layer chromatography/desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: investigation of goldenseal alkaloids.  Anal Chem. 2007;  79 2778-89
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Dr. Eike Reich

CAMAG Laboratory

Sonnenmattstrasse 11

4132 Muttenz

Switzerland

Phone: +41-61-467-3434

Fax: +41-61-461-0702

Email: eike.reich@camag.com

      >