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DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1590839
Superelectrophilicity in Michael-Type Reactions: Water Addition to 4-Nitrobenzodifuroxan
The authors are grateful to the CNRS and the University of Versailles for funding this research.Publication History
Received: 31 May 2017
Accepted after revision: 26 June 2017
Publication Date:
11 July 2017 (online)
Dedicated to Professor Herbert Mayr on the occasion of his 70th birthday
Abstract
Kinetic and thermodynamic measurements of the ease of covalent hydration of 4-nitrobenzodifuroxan (NBDF) to give the corresponding hydroxy adduct has been carried out over a large pH range of 0.82–12.23 in aqueous solution. A most important result is that water is the sole efficient nucleophile contributing to the hydration of this peculiar nitroolefin in the pH range 4–8. Based on this finding as well as a pK a H2O value of 2.85 for the complexation process there is no doubt that the electrophilic character of NBDF falls in the domain of superelectrophilicity defined with reference to covalent nucleophilic additions to 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF; pK a H2O = 3.75) and related heterocycles. This also corresponds to a positioning of NBDF at the top of the electrophilicity scale E introduced by Mayr to describe the feasibility of nucleophilic-electrophilic combinations. Returning to the hydration of the series of activated olefins, it has been possible to expand the domain of reactivity of Michael acceptors by six orders of magnitude, going from benzylidenemalonitrile (pK a H2O = 10.70; E = –9.42) to the para-nitro-substituted benzylidene Meldrum’ s acid (pK a H2O = 3.46; E = –5.49). The positioning of these olefins on the pK a scale shows that not only 4-nitrobenzodifuroxan but also the unsubstituted Meldrum’s acid are located in the superelectrophilic region.
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