Nervensonografie – eine neurologische Perspektive auf chirurgisch relevante Krankheitsbilder der peripheren Nerven

Zusammenfassung

Die Nervensonografie ist ein relativ neues und patientennahes Verfahren zur Visualisierung der peripheren Nerven von ihren distalen bis zu den proximalen Segmenten. Mithilfe dieser Methode gelingt die Auffindung und anatomisch genaue Lokalisation von peripher-nervalen Läsionen sowie deren ätiologische Zuordnung. Die Nervensonografie kann dabei nervale Engpasssyndrome und deren sekundäre Ursachen relativ sicher diagnostizieren. Auch operativ zu versorgende Faszikeltorsionen lassen sich mithilfe von Ultraschall nachweisen. Weitere Anwendungsgebiete eröffnen sich durch sonografisch geführte Interventionen am peripheren Nerven sowie im Rahmen der intraoperativen Anwendung als Navigationsverfahren. In der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit mit den chirurgischen Fachrichtungen liegt der Wert des Nervenultraschalls vor allem in der frühzeitigen Detektion von irreversiblen traumatischen Nervenschädigungen i. S. kompletter Nervendurchtrennungen, die eine frühzeitige operative Versorgung erforderlich machen. Für die neurologische Diagnostik relevant ist die Differenzierung zwischen verschiedenen Polyneuropathieformen. Der vorgelegte Übersichtsartikel soll eine Einführung in das Feld der Nervensonografie geben und die für die chirurgisch relevanten Krankheitsbilder des peripheren Nervensystems wesentlichen Ultraschallbefunde darstellen. Dieses neue bildgebende Verfahren wird zukünftig einer der Schlüssel für den Aufbau von interdisziplinären Kompetenzzentren zur Versorgung von Krankheitsbildern der peripheren Nerven sein.

Abstract

Nerve ultrasound is a fairly new non-invasive method to visualise peripheral nerves and to detect peripheral nerve lesions. This technique can depict nerve compression syndromes and their aetiologies as well as fascicular torsions. It is also suitable for sonographically guided nerve interventions and for intraoperative navigation. The main advantage of nerve ultrasound is its capability for early diagnosis of severe traumatic nerve lesions that require immediate surgery. Neurologists further use this method to aid the diagnosis of different kinds of polyneuropathies. Within this review we introduce nerve ultrasound to surgeons from a neurological perspective. We focus on different peripheral nerve disorders that might need surgical interventions. Nerve ultrasound will lay the grounds to bring together different expertise in medicine and thus to establish interdisciplinary excellence centres for the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the peripheral nervous system.

Schlüsselwörter

Handchirurgie - bildgebende Verfahren - interdisziplinär - integrierte Versorgung - plastische Chirurgie - Sonografie

Key words

hand surgery - interdisciplinary - multidisciplinarity - plastic surgery - review/expertise - ultrasound

Publication History

Article published online:
02 July 2020

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