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CC BY 4.0 · Organic Materials 2021; 03(02): 214-220
DOI: 10.1055/a-1441-8239
Short Communication

Chain-End Effect for Intermediate Water Formation of Poly(2-Methoxyethyl Acrylate)

Authors

  • S. Nishimura 

    a   Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

  • T. Ueda 

    b   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

  • D. Murakami 

    a   Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
    b   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

  • M. Tanaka 

    a   Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
    b   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

Funding Information This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (JP19H05720 to M. T. and JP20J00282 to S. N.) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and “Dynamic Alliance Open Innovation Bridging Human, Environment and Materials” from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT).
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Abstract

Intermediate water (IW), which is formed not only by biocompatible polymers such as poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA), but also by biomacromolecules, plays a key role in determining the biocompatibility of synthetic polymers. In this study, we compare the well-defined linear and cyclic PMEA using differential scanning calorimetry and atomic force microscopy. This study aims to clarify the role of the chain-end effect in IW formation to establish design guidelines for biomaterials.

Key words

intermediate water - hydration state - chain-end effect - poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) - cyclic polymers - interfacial structures

Supporting Information

Supporting information for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1441-8239.


Supporting Information



Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 07. Januar 2021

Angenommen: 08. März 2021

Accepted Manuscript online:
16. März 2021

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
26. April 2021

© 2021. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References And Notes

  • 6 Synthetic procedure for compound 1: Ethylene glycol (dehydrated) 2.48 g (40 mmol) and pyridine 7.26 mL (90 mmol) were dissolved in dry THF 60 mL and cooled to 0 °C. Then, 2-bromopropanoyl bromide 9.43 mL (90 mmol) was diluted with dry THF 10 mL and added dropwise to the mixture and reacted at RT for 15 h. The resultant mixture was concentrated in vacuo and 100 mL of hexane/ethyl acetate (v/v = 1/1) mixture solution was added. The solution was washed with sat. sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution 100 mL × 5, 1 M sodium hydrogen sulfate aqueous solution 100 mL × 3, and water 100 mL × 3. An organic layer was collected and dried over magnesium sulfate anhydrous. The solvents were removed in vacuo to give an objective ethane-1,2-diyl bis(2-bromopropanoate), 1, as a colorless oil (10.12 g, 76.2%). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, CDCl3, tetramethylsilane (TMS)] (Figure S1a): σ = 1.85 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH 3)Br)2 d, 6H), 4.40 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)Br)2 q, 2 H), 4.43 ppm ((–CH 2OC(=O)CH(CH3)Br)2 s, 4 H). 13 C NMR [75 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure S1b): σ = 21.6 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)Br)2), 39.6 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)Br)2), 63.3 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)Br)2), 170.1 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)Br)2
    PubMed
  • 7 Synthetic procedure for compound 2: Sodium hydride 6.68 g (0.167 mol) was dispersed to dry diethyl ether 200 mL and cooled to 0 °C under an argon gas atmosphere. Ethanethiol 13.3 mL (0.185 mol) was added dropwise to the dispersion solution and its mixture was stirred for 15 min. Then, carbon disulfide 11.2 mL (0.185 mol) was added and reacted at RT for 1 h. After reaction, the reaction mixture was added n-pentane 100 mL to precipitate a resultant sodium salt of trithiocarbonate. The precipitation was collected by filtration and washed with n-pentane 400 mL to give an objective sodium ethyl carbonotrithioate, 2, as a yellow powder (25.0 g, 93.4%). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, DMSO-d 6, TMS] (Figure S2a): σ = 1.14 ppm (CH 3CH2SC(=S)SNa, t, 3 H), 2.96 ppm (CH3CH 2SC(=S)SNa, q, 2 H). 13 C NMR [100 MHz, DMSO-d 6, TMS] (Figure S2b): σ = 14.6 ppm (CH3CH2SC(=S)SNa), 34.3 ppm (CH3 CH2SC(=S)SNa), 240.1 ppm (CH3CH2SC(=S)SNa)
    PubMed
  • 8 Synthetic procedure for compound 3: 7.6 g of 1 (47.4 mmol) and freshly prepared 3.2 g of 2 (9.5 mmol) were dissolved to acetonitrile 30 mL and stirred at RT for 1.5 days. The reaction mixture was added diethyl ether 200 mL and washed with water 200 mL × 4. An organic layer was collected and dried over magnesium sulfate anhydrous. The solution was concentrated to give an objective ethane-1,2-diyl bis(2-(((ethylthio)carbonothioyl)thio)propanoate, 3, as an orange oil (3.6 g, 92.1%). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure S3a): σ = 1.26 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)S–CH2CH 3 2 t, 6 H), 1.54 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH 3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2 t, 6 H), 3.29 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH 2CH3 2 q, 4 H), 4.28 ppm ((–CH 2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)S–CH2CH3 2 s, 4 H), 4.77 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2 q, 2 H). 13 C NMR [100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure S3b): σ = 12.7 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)S–CH2 CH3 2), 16.8 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2), 31.6 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH–(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2), 47.9 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2), 63.1 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2), 170.9 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2–CH3 2), 221.9 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2
    PubMed
  • 9 Synthetic procedure for compound 4: MEA 5.00 g (38.40 mmol), 3 17.15 mg (3.48 µmol), and AIBN 5.50 mg (3.48 µmol) were dissolved to toluene (monomer concentration: 4 M), and the solution was degassed over freeze–pump–thaw cycles (three times) under an argon gas atmosphere. Then the reaction mixture was placed in a preheated oil bath at 60 °C. After polymerization for 1 h, the mixture was cooled to RT and poured into a large excess of hexane to precipitate the resulting polymer. The polymer was further purified by a reprecipitation method from the THF/hexane system. The solvents were removed in vacuo to give a pure telechelic PMEA, 4, as a yellow-colored viscosity liquid (Conv.: 77.6%). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure 1b, black): σ = 1.26–3.0 ppm (–SC(=S)SCH2CH 3 t, 6 H (both end); –(CH 3)CH(=O)OCCH2CH2OC(=O)CH(CH 3)–, t, 6H; PMEA, methylene (main chain), 2(1–x nH; PMEA, methine (main chain), (1–x nH), 3.26–3.47 ppm (–SC(=S)SCH 2CH3 q, 4 H (both end); –CO(=O)CH2CH2OCH 3, 3(1–x nH), 3.48–3.70 ppm (–CO(=O)CH2CH 2OCH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.00–4.47 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH 2CH 2OC(=O)CH(CH3)–, s, 4 H; –CO(=O)CH 2CH2O–CH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.77 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH2CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)–, q, 2 H). SEC [THF, 40 °C, PSt standard] (Figure 1a, black): M n,SEC = 76,300 g mol −1, Ð M w/M n) = 1.06
    PubMed
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  • 12 Synthetic procedure for compound 5: 4 1.0 g (13.1 µmol), TTMSS 65. 1 mg (262.0 µmol), and V-70 2.0 mg (6.5 µmol) were dissolved to toluene 5 mL. The colored solution was deoxygenated by freeze–pump–thaw cycles (three times). Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 40 °C for 12 h, resulting in a colorless solution. The solution was poured into a large excess of hexane to precipitate an objective polymer. The polymer was further purified by a reprecipitation method from the THF/hexane system to give a pure desulfurized-PMEA, 5, as a colorless viscosity liquid (0.88 g). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure 1b, red): σ = 1.30–3.0 ppm (–(CH 3)CH(=O)OCCH2–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH 3)–, t, 6 H; PMEA, methylene (main chain), 2(1–x nH; PMEA, methine (main chain), (1–x nH), 3.26–3.47 ppm (–CO(=O)CH2CH2OCH 3, 3(1–x nH), 3.48–3.70 ppm (–CO(=O)CH2CH 2OCH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.00–4.47 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH 2CH 2OC(=O)CH–(CH3)–, s, 4 H; –CO(=O)CH 2CH2OCH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.77 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH2CH2O–C(=O)CH(CH3)–, q, 2 H). SEC [THF, 40 °C, PSt standard] (Figure 1a, red): M n = 75,900 g mol −1, Ð = 1.09
    PubMed
  • 13 Synthetic procedure for compounds 6 and 7: 4 1.0 g (13.1 µmol) and isobutylamine 95.9 mg (1.3 mmol) were dissolved in 20 mL THF and stirred at RT for 2 h, resulting in a colorless solution. The solution was poured into a large excess of hexane to precipitate an objective polymer. The polymer was further purified by a reprecipitation method from the THF/hexane system to give a pure thiol-terminated PMEA, 6, as a colorless viscous liquid (0. 67 g). Subsequently, 6 100 mg (1.31 µmol) was dissolved in 2 L of diethyl ether/THF (v/v = 3/1), and then iron(III) chloride 0.93 g (5.24 mmol) was added and stirred at RT for 1 month. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and poured into hexane to precipitate a resultant polymer as a yellowish viscous liquid. The polymer was passed through an alumina column using THF as an eluent. The solvents were removed in vacuo to obtain an objective cyclic PMEA, 7, as a colorless, viscous solid (38 mg). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure S5): σ = 1.30–3.0 ppm (–(CH 3)CH(=O)OCCH2–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH 3)–, t, 6 H; PMEA, methylene (main chain), 2(1–x nH; PMEA, methine (main chain), (1–x nH), 3.26–3.47 ppm (–CO(=O)CH2CH2OCH 3, 3(1–x nH), 3.48–3.70 ppm (–CO(=O)CH2CH 2OCH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.00–4.47 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH 2CH 2OC(=O)CH–(CH3)–, s, 4 H; –CO(=O)CH 2CH2OCH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.77 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH2CH2O–C(=O)CH(CH3)–, q, 2 H). SEC [THF, 40 °C, PSt standard] (Figure 2, violet): M p,L = 88,200 g mol −1, M p,C = 63,500 g mol −1, Ð = 1.27
    PubMed
  • 23 Hirata T, Matsuno H, Kawaguchi D, Yamada NL, Tanaka M, Tanaka K. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015; 17: 17399
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