Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000031.xml
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022; 239(05): 666-675
DOI: 10.1055/a-1727-1951
DOI: 10.1055/a-1727-1951
Übersicht
Infectious Posterior Uveitis – Toxoplasmosis, Treponema, Tuberculosis (TTT)
Article in several languages: deutsch | English
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the most important infectious causes of posterior uveitis. The epidemiology, clinical picture, diagnostic and treatment strategies of these diseases are presented.
Publication History
Received: 22 November 2021
Accepted: 19 December 2021
Article published online:
23 March 2022
© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References/Literatur
- 1 Barisani-Asenbauer T, Maca SM, Mejdoubi L. et al. Uveitis – a rare disease often associated with systemic diseases and infections – a systematic review of 2619 patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7: 57 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-57.
- 2 Robert Koch-Institut. Epidemiologisches Bulletin 49/2020. 2020 25. Im Internet (Stand 13.02.2022): https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2020/Ausgaben/49_20.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
- 3 Brodhun B, Altmann D, Hauer B. et al. Bericht zur Epidemiologie der Tuberkulose in Deutschland für 2019. Robert Koch-Institut; 2020. Im Internet (Stand: 13.02.2022): https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/T/Tuberkulose/Download/TB2020.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
- 4 Pleyer U, Gross U, Schlüter D. et al. Toxoplasmosis in Germany. Dtsch Arzteblatt Int 2019; 116: 435-444 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0435.
- 5 Villena I, Ancelle T, Delmas C. et al. Congenital toxoplasmosis in France in 2007: first results from a national surveillance system. Euro Surveill 2010; 15: 19600 DOI: 10.2807/ese.15.25.19600-en.
- 6 Adekunle RO, Sherman A, Spicer JO. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of toxoplasmosis among transplant recipients at two US academic medical centers. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23: e13636 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13636.
- 7 Robert-Gangneux F, Meroni V, Dupont D. et al. Toxoplasmosis in Transplant Recipients, Europe, 2010–2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24: 1497-1504 DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.180045.
- 8 Butler NJ, Furtado JM, Winthrop KL. et al. Ocular toxoplasmosis II: clinical features, pathology and management. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2013; 41: 95-108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02838.x.
- 9 de-la-Torre A, Rios-Cadavid AC, Cardozo-García CM. et al. Frequency and factors associated with recurrences of ocular toxoplasmosis in a referral centre in Colombia. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93: 1001-1004 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2008.155861.
- 10 Holland GN, Crespi CM, ten Dam-van Loon N. et al. Analysis of recurrence patterns associated with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 145: 1007-1013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.01.023.
- 11 Pleyer U, Ness T, Garweg J. [Prevention of Recurrence of Ocular Toxoplasmosis – When? How? For Whom?]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2020; 237: 599-604 DOI: 10.1055/a-1141-3812.
- 12 Garweg JG, Scherrer JN, Halberstadt M. Recurrence characteristics in European patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92: 1253-1256 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.123661.
- 13 Aouizerate F, Cazenave J, Poirier L. et al. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aqueous humour by the polymerase chain reaction. Br J Ophthalmol 1993; 77: 107-109
- 14 Kostolna B, Gerinec A, Ondriska F. [Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis using fluid from the anterior ocular chamber]. Cesk Slov Oftalmol 2003; 59: 312-318
- 15 Paquet C, Yudin MH. No. 285 – Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy: Prevention, Screening, and Treatment. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2018; 40: e687-e693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.05.036.
- 16 Paquet C, Yudin MH, Yudin MH. et al. Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy: Prevention, Screening, and Treatment. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013; 35: 78-79 DOI: 10.1016/S1701-2163(15)31053-7.
- 17 Garweg JG. Ocular Toxoplasmosis: an Update. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2016; 233: 534-539 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-111821.
- 18 Garweg JG, Pleyer U. Treatment Strategy in Human Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Why Antibiotics Have Failed. J Clin Med 2021; 10: 1090 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051090.
- 19 Gilbert RE, See SE, Jones LV. et al. Antibiotics versus control for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (01) CD002218 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002218.
- 20 de-la-Torre A, Stanford M, Curi A. et al. Therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2011; 19: 314-320 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2011.608915.
- 21 Lima GSC, Saraiva PGC, Saraiva FP. Current Therapy of Acquired Ocular Toxoplasmosis: A Review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2015; 31: 511-517 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0059.
- 22 Pradhan E, Bhandari S, Gilbert RE. et al. Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (05) CD002218 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002218.pub2.
- 23 Fernandes Felix JP, Cavalcanti Lira RP, Cosimo AB. et al. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Versus Placebo in Reducing the Risk of Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis Recurrences: A Three-Year Follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol 2016; 170: 176-182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.08.003.
- 24 Fernandes Felix JP, Cavalcanti Lira RP, Grupenmacher AT. et al. Long-term Results of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Versus Placebo to Reduce the Risk of Recurrent Toxoplasma gondii Retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 213: 195-202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.12.025.
- 25 Felix JPF, Lira RPC, Zacchia RS. et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus placebo to reduce the risk of recurrences of Toxoplasma gondii retinochoroiditis: randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157: 762-766.e1 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.12.022.
- 26 Jansen K. Syphilis in Deutschland im Jahr 2019 – Neuer Höchststand von Infektionen. Epid Bull 2020; 49: 3-13 DOI: 10.25646/7673.
- 27 Jansen K, Schmidt AJ, Drewes J. et al. Increased incidence of syphilis in men who have sex with men and risk management strategies, Germany, 2015. Euro Surveill 2016; 21: 30382 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.43.30382.
- 28 Doris JP, Saha K, Jones NP. et al. Ocular syphilis: the new epidemic. Eye (Lond) 2006; 20: 703-705 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701954.
- 29 Neß T. [Lues – Ocular syphilis]. Ophthalmologe 2017; 114: 381-390 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-017-0477-z.
- 30 Lefebvre M, Biron C, Guillouzouic A. et al. [Syphilis in Nantes tertiary care hospital between 2000 and 2010: a case series of 36 hospitalized patients]. Rev Med Interne 2013; 34: 522-527 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.02.010.
- 31 Jones NP. The Manchester Uveitis Clinic: the first 3000 patients – epidemiology and casemix. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2015; 23: 118-126 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.855799.
- 32 Yang P, Zhang Z, Zhou H. et al. Clinical patterns and characteristics of uveitis in a tertiary center for uveitis in China. Curr Eye Res 2005; 30: 943-948 DOI: 10.1080/02713680500263606.
- 33 Cornut PL, Sobas CR, Perard L. et al. Detection of Treponema pallidum in aqueous humor by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2011; 19: 127-128 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2010.531175.
- 34 Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Smith SL. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis: association with clinical and laboratory features. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 369-376 DOI: 10.1086/381227.
- 35 Ho EL, Tantalo LC, Jones T. et al. Point-of-care treponemal tests for neurosyphilis diagnosis. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42: 48-52 DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000222.
- 36 Marra CM. Neurosyphilis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004; 4: 435-440
- 37 Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015; 64: 1-137
- 38 S2k-Leitlinie: Diagnostik und Therapie der Syphilis. Im Internet (Stand: 13.02.2022): https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/059-002.html
- 39 Davis JL. Ocular syphilis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2014; 25: 513-518 DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000099.
- 40 Cantor AG, Pappas M, Daeges M. et al. Screening for Syphilis: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2016; 315: 2328-2337 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.4114.
- 41 Eickhoff CA, Decker CF. Syphilis. Dis Mon 2016; 62: 280-286 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.012.
- 42 Restivo L, Abbouda A, Nardella C. et al. Uveitis heralding previously unknown luetic and HIV infection. Syphilitic uveitis in an Italian referral center. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2013; 49: 133-137 DOI: 10.4415/ANN_13_02_04.
- 43 Amaratunge BC, Camuglia JE, Hall AJ. Syphilitic uveitis: a review of clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and negative patients. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2010; 38: 68-74 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02203.x.
- 44 Chao JR, Khurana RN, Fawzi AA. et al. Syphilis: reemergence of an old adversary. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 2074-2079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.05.048.
- 45 Kiss S, Damico FM, Young LH. Ocular manifestations and treatment of syphilis. Semin Ophthalmol 2005; 20: 161-167 DOI: 10.1080/08820530500232092.
- 46 Fathilah J, Choo MM. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in ocular syphilis. Med J Malaysia 2003; 58: 437-439
- 47 Eandi CM, Neri P, Adelman RA. et al. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis: report of a case series and comprehensive review of the literature. Retina 2012; 32: 1915-1941 DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31825f3851.
- 48 Pichi F, Ciardella AP, Cunningham ET. et al. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in patients with acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. Retina 2014; 34: 373-384 DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182993f11.
- 49 Agrawal R, Gunasekeran DV, Raje D. et al. Global Variations and Challenges With Tubercular Uveitis in the Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59: 4162-4171 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24102.
- 50 Agrawal R, Agarwal A, Jabs DA. et al. Standardization of Nomenclature for Ocular Tuberculosis – Results of Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS) Workshop. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1653933.
- 51 Shirley K, Dowlut S, Silvestri J. et al. Presumed ocular tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: a British Ophthalmological Surveillance Unit (BOSU) study. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34: 1835-1841 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0748-9.
- 52 Cimino L, Aldigeri R, Salvarani C. et al. The causes of uveitis in a referral centre of Northern Italy. Int Ophthalmol 2010; 30: 521-529 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-010-9359-y.
- 53 Luca C, Raffaella A, Sylvia M. et al. Changes in patterns of uveitis at a tertiary referral center in Northern Italy: analysis of 990 consecutive cases. Int Ophthalmol 2018; 38: 133-142 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0434-x.
- 54 Sanghvi C, Bell C, Woodhead M. et al. Presumed tuberculous uveitis: diagnosis, management, and outcome. Eye (Lond) 2011; 25: 475-480 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2010.235.
- 55 Al-Mezaine HS, Kangave D, Abu El-Asrar AM. Patterns of uveitis in patients admitted to a University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2010; 18: 424-431 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2010.502284.
- 56 Zagora SL, Symes R, Yeung A. et al. Etiology and Clinical Features of Ocular Inflammatory Diseases in a Tertiary Referral Centre in Sydney, Australia. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2017; 25 (sup1): S107-S114 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2016.1247871.
- 57 Testi I, Agrawal R, Mahajan S. et al. Tubercular Uveitis: Nuggets from Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS)-1. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1646774.
- 58 Betzler BK, Gupta V, Agrawal R. Clinics of ocular tuberculosis: A review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2021; 49: 146-160 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13847.
- 59 Agrawal R, Betzler B, Testi I. et al. The Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS)-1: A Multinational Review of 165 Patients with Tubercular Anterior Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1761400.
- 60 Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Classification Criteria for Tubercular Uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 228: 142-151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.040.
- 61 Alvarez GG, Roth VR, Hodge W. Ocular tuberculosis: diagnostic and treatment challenges. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 432-435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.09.018.
- 62 Gupta V, Shoughy SS, Mahajan S. et al. Clinics of ocular tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2015; 23: 14-24 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2014.986582.
- 63 Agrawal R, Testi I, Bodaghi B. et al. Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Tubercular Uveitis-Report 2: Guidelines for Initiating Antitubercular Therapy in Anterior Uveitis, Intermediate Uveitis, Panuveitis, and Retinal Vasculitis. Ophthalmology 2021; 128: 277-287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.052.
- 64 Nazari Khanamiri H, Rao NA. Serpiginous choroiditis and infectious multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58: 203-232 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.08.008.
- 65 Bansal R, Gupta A, Gupta V. et al. Tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis presenting as multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis. Ophthalmology 2012; 119: 2334-2342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.05.034.
- 66 Das T, Pathengay A, Hussain N. et al. Ealesʼ disease: diagnosis and management. Eye (Lond) 2010; 24: 472-482 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2009.315.
- 67 Sharma K, Gupta V, Bansal R. et al. Novel multi-targeted polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of presumed tubercular uveitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2013; 3: 25 DOI: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-25.
- 68 Diel R, Goletti D, Ferrara G. et al. Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2011; 37: 88-99 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00115110.
- 69 Sester M, Sotgiu G, Lange C. et al. Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2011; 37: 100-111 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00114810.
- 70 Danjou W, Pradat P, Jamilloux Y. et al. Usefulness of the QuantiFERON test for the diagnosis of tubercular uveitis and the predictions of response to antituberculosis treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318868.
- 71 Gineys R, Bodaghi B, Carcelain G. et al. QuantiFERON-TB gold cut-off value: implications for the management of tuberculosis-related ocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 152: 433-440.e1 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.02.006.
- 72 Ang M, Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Sharma K. et al. Diagnosis of Ocular Tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018; 26: 208-216 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2016.1178304.
- 73 Lou SM, Montgomery PA, Larkin KL. et al. Diagnosis and treatment for ocular tuberculosis among uveitis specialists: the international perspective. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2015; 23: 32-39 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2014.994784.
- 74 Agrawal R, Gupta B, Gonzalez-Lopez JJ. et al. The role of anti-tubercular therapy in patients with presumed ocular tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2015; 23: 40-46 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2014.986584.
- 75 Agrawal R, Gunasekeran DV, Grant R. et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients With Tubercular Uveitis Treated With Antitubercular Therapy in the Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS)-1. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135: 1318-1327 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4485.
- 76 Kee AR, Gonzalez-Lopez JJ, Al-Hity A. et al. Anti-tubercular therapy for intraocular tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol 2016; 61: 628-653 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.03.001.
- 77 Llorenç V, Benejam G, Mesquida M. et al. Antituberculous Treatment Itself Might Prevent Visual Impairment in Presumed Tuberculosis-Related Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 28: 103-110 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1541326.
- 78 Gupta V, Bansal R, Gupta A. Continuous progression of tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis after initiating antituberculosis treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 152: 857-863.e2 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.05.004.
- 79 Robert Koch-Institut. RKI-Ratgeber Toxoplasmose. Epidemiol Bull. 2018 Im Internet (Stand: 13.02.2022): https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2018/Ausgaben/42_18.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
- 80 Testi I, Agrawal R, Mehta S. et al. Ocular tuberculosis: Where are we today?. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68: 1808-1817 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1451_20.