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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109881
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Netzhautschädigung bei (Hydroxy-)Chloroquin-Einnahme: Evidenzlage als Basis für eine rationale augenärztliche Untersuchungsstrategie
Retinal Damage by (Hydroxy)chloroquine Intake: Published Evidence for an Efficient Ophthalmological Follow-UpPublikationsverlauf
Eingegangen: 17.7.2009
Angenommen: 22.10.2009
Publikationsdatum:
13. November 2009 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Irreversible Makulo- und Retinopathien sind eine bekannte, unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkung von Chloroquin und Hydroxychloroquin. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Literatur hinsichtlich relevanter Risikofaktoren systematisch durchsucht und ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse anschließend bei den Überlegungen zur Kontrolluntersuchungsstrategie berücksichtigt. Methodik: Systematische Literaturrecherche. Ergebnisse: Es existieren nur sehr wenige Studien auf hohem Evidenzniveau zu dem Krankheitsbild, und die meisten diskutierten Risikofaktoren wurden bisher nicht einer gründlichen Überprüfung unterzogen. Ein erhöhtes Risiko kann angenommen werden bei hoher mittlerer täglicher Dosis pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht, einer langen Therapiedauer, einer begleitenden Keratopathie oder einer Nieren- oder Leberinsuffizienz. Weitere Faktoren, deren Einfluss bisher nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnte, sind Alter, die genetische Disposition, eine zusätzliche Netzhauterkrankung, starke Sonnenlichtexposition sowie die Art und Dauer der zugrunde liegenden Erkrankung. Das Geschlecht, der Körperbau und auch die Kumulativdosis stellen gemäß dem derzeitigen Stand des Wissens keine sicheren Risikofaktoren dar. Diskussion: Neben den patientenseitigen Risikofaktoren sind bei der Überlegung, welche augenärztlichen Untersuchungen in welchen Abständen bei den Patienten vorgenommen werden sollten, auch das ophthalmologische Methodenspektrum und die vorhandenen Ressourcen zu berücksichtigen. Eine Basisuntersuchung (Fern- und Nahvisus, 10°-Schwellenperimetrie, Farbsehen, Spaltlampe [Hornhaut], Funduskopie) ist grundsätzlich wünschenswert. Weiterreichende Methoden wie multifokales ERG, Fundusautofluoreszenz und hochauflösende optische Kohärenztomografie sind höchstens einmal jährlich und durchaus alternativ in Abhängigkeit von den jeweiligen Voraussetzungen zu verwenden. In Verdachtsfällen oder bei Risikopatienten ist eine flexible Vorgehensweise obligat.
Abstract
Background: Irreversible maculopathy and retinopathy are well-known adverse effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. For this article the literature was screened for relevant risk factors. The results were used for recommendations concerning the extent and frequency of ophthalmological monitoring. Methods: A systematic literature review was undertaken. Results: Very few studies on a high evidence level could be retrieved for this problem. Most of the risk factors have not been addressed sufficiently. A higher dosage per kg body mass, long therapy duration, presence of keratopathy and renal or hepatic dysfunction are probably associated with an increased risk to develop a maculopathy/retinopathy. Additional factors such as age, genetic disposition, additional retinal disease, sunlight exposition and nature plus duration of the underlying disease have not sufficiently been demonstrated. Gender, body mass and even the accumulated dosage do not contribute as risk factors according to current knowledge. Conclusion: Beside patient risk factors, the spectrum of ophthalmological methodology and cost considerations have to be considered when thinking about content and frequency of monitoring for the risk of acquiring a (hydroxy)chloroquine-induced maculopathy or retinopathy. In principle, a baseline examination comprising visual acuity (near and far), 10 degree threshold perimetry, colour vision, slit lamp (cornea) and funduscopy is reasonable. One of the high investment techniques such as multifocal ERG, fundus autofluorescence and high resolution optical coherence tomography should be used depending on the existing equipment and experience but not more often than once a year. In suspicious cases or high risk-patients a flexible approach is mandatory.
Schlüsselwörter
Hydroxychloroquin - Chloroquin - Makulopathie - Retinopathie - Vorsorgeuntersuchung - Nezthauttoxizität
Key words
hydroxychloroquine - cloroquine - maculopathy - retinopathy - screening - retinal toxicity
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