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CC BY 4.0 · Journal of Child Science 2019; 09(01): e38-e49
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1678661
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children

Denise Sharon
1   Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Clinical Director Advanced Sleep Center Metairie Louisiana, PVHMC Adult and Children Sleep Disorders Center, Claremont, California, United States
,
Arthur Scott Walters
2   Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
,
Narong Simakajornboon
3   Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Director Sleep Disorders Center and Sleep Medicine Fellowship Program, Cincinnati Children Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
› Author Affiliations
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Publication History

04 November 2018

25 December 2018

Publication Date:
02 July 2019 (online)

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Abstract

Introduction Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) have been studied more than any other sleep-related movement disorder in the pediatric population. A common feature to both, periodic limb movements, occurs in many other disorders and also in reportedly healthy children and adolescents. In this review, we discuss the different types of limb movements as it pertains to pediatric RLS and PLMD and provides an update on these disorders.

Methods A literature search was performed with the following inclusion criteria: English publication, limb movements, leg movements, periodic limb movements of sleep, periodic limb movements during wake, PLMD, RLS, with each of the modifiers, children, pediatric, and adolescents. Identified publications were reviewed and their reference lists were searched for additional relevant publications.

Results A total of 102 references were included in this review. These included epidemiological studies, prospective and retrospective studies, case series, observational data, reviews, and consensus guidelines. A critical summary of these findings is presented.

Conclusion The limited evidence-based data support the importance of evaluating limb movements in the context of the clinical symptomatology presented by the child or the adolescent. Further research is needed to (1) better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in periodic limb movements as encountered in the pediatric PLMD or RLS patient and their impact on the overall health and well-being, (2) develop objective diagnostic criteria for RLS and differentiate it from its “mimics” in the pediatric population, and (3) establish evidence-based guidelines for treatment.

Keywords

limb movements - leg movements - periodic limb movements of sleep - periodic limb movements during wake - periodic limb movement disorder - restless legs syndrome
 

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