Update HIV und Neurologie

Zusammenfassung

Die Fortschritte der antiretroviralen Therapie haben die HIV-Infektion zu einer chronischen Krankheit gemacht. Der Übersichtsartikel fasst zusammen, was ein Leben mit HIV aus neurologischer Sicht über Jahrzehnte hinweg für die Betroffenen bedeutet. Neben klinischen und pathophysiologischen Aspekten des HIV-assoziierten kognitiven Defizits (HAND) werden auch periphere HIV-Manifestationen beleuchtet. Der Artikel berücksichtigt Komorbiditäten wie die in der Inzidenz ansteigende Neurolues, sowie die Hepatitis C, da beide durch ihr Interaktionsspektrum mit dem HI-Virus insbesondere für den Neurologen von großem Interesse sind.

Abstract

With modern antiretroviral drug regimens, HIV-infected people are living longer and HIV has transformed into a chronic illness. The review summarizes pathophysiological as well as clinical aspects of a chronic infection from a neurological point of view including neurocognitive impairment, depression, neuropathies and myopathies. It also draws attention to comorbidities such as syphilis and hepatitis C. They are of particular neurological interest because of the interaction of the pathogens.

Schlüsselwörter

NeuroAIDS - HAND - Depression - Neurolues - Hepatitis C

Keywords

NEUROAIDS - HAND - depression - neurolues - hepatitis C

• Literatur

• 1 Triant VA. HIV infection and coronary heart disease: an intersection of epidemics. J Infect Dis 2012; 205 ((Suppl 3)) 355-361
• 2 Snider WD, Simpson DM, Nielsen S et al. Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: analysis of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 403-418
• 3 Gray F, Scaravilli F, Everall I et al. Neuropathology of early HIV-1 infection. Brain Pathol 1996; 6: 1-15
• 4 Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Collier AC et al. Interpreting cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in HIV in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7: 37-37
• 5 Budka H. Neuropathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Brain Pathol 1991; 1: 163-175
• 6 Shaw GM, Harper ME, Hahn BH et al. HTLV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy. Science 1985; 227: 177-182
• 7 Everall IP, Heaton RK, Marcotte TD et al. Cortical synaptic density is reduced in mild to moderate HIV neurocognitive disorder. Brain Pathol 1999; 9: 209-217
• 8 Eggers C, Hertogs K, Stuerenburg HJ et al. Delayed CNS virus suppression during HAART is associated with HIV encephalopathy, but not with viral drug resistance or poor CNS drug penetration. AIDS 2003; 17: 1897-1906
• 9 Eggers C, Muller O, Thordsen I et al. Genetic shift of env V3 loop viral sequences in patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder during antiretroviral therapy. J Neurovirol 2013; 19: 523-530
• 10 McArthur JC. Dementia, neuropathy, and HIV. An interview with Justin C. McArthur, MB, BS, MPH. Interview by Mark Mascolini. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 1996; 2: 27-34
• 11 Tozzi V, Balestra P, Serraino D et al. Neurocognitive impairment and survival in a cohort of HIV-infected patients treated with HAART. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21: 706-713
• 12 Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT et al. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 2007; 69: 1789-1799
• 13 Power C, Selnes OA, Grim JA et al. HIV Dementia Scale: a rapid screening test. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995; 8: 273-278
• 14 Sacktor NC, Wong M, Nakasujja N et al. The International HIV dementia scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. Aids 2005; 19: 1367-1374
• 15 Zipursky AR, Gogolishvili D, Rueda S et al. Evaluation of brief screening tools for neurocognitive impairment in HIV / AIDS: a systematic review of the literature. AIDS 2013; 27: 2385-2401
• 16 Ciccarelli N, Fabbiani M, Di Giambenedetto S et al. Efavirenz associated with cognitive disorders in otherwise asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Neurology 2011; 76: 1403-1409
• 17 Clifford DB, Evans S, Yang Y et al. Long-term impact of efavirenz on neuropsychological performance and symptoms in HIV-infected individuals (ACTG 5097 s). HIV Clin Trials 2009; 10: 343-355
• 18 Mind Exchange Working Group Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a consensus report of the mind exchange program. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56: 1004-1017
• 19 McArthur JC, Brew BJ, Nath A. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 543-555
• 20 Marshall DW. HIV penetration of the BBB. Neurology 1988; 38: 1000-1001
• 21 The Mind Exchange Working Group Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a consensus report of the mind exchange program. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56: 1004-1007
• 22 Hagberg L, Cinque P, Gisslen M et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin: an informative biomarker of central nervous system immune activation in HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Ther 2010; 7: 15-15
• 23 Abdulle S, Mellgren A, Brew BJ et al. CSF neurofilament protein (NFL) – a marker of active HIV-related neurodegeneration. J Neurol 2007; 254: 1026-1032
• 24 Letendre S, Marquie-Beck J, Capparelli E et al. Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 65-70
• 25 Gorman JM, Mayeux R, Stern Y et al. The effect of zidovudine on neuropsychiatric measures in HIV-infected men. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 505-507
• 26 Croteau D, Best BM, Letendre S et al. Lower than expected maraviroc concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid exceed the wild-type CC chemokine receptor 5-tropic HIV-1 50 % inhibitory concentration. AIDS 2012; 26: 890-893
• 27 Garvey L, Nelson M, Latch N et al. CNS effects of a CCR5 inhibitor in HIV-infected subjects: a pharmacokinetic and cerebral metabolite study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67: 206-212
• 28 Croteau D, Letendre S, Best BM et al. Total raltegravir concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid exceed the 50-percent inhibitory concentration for wild-type HIV-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54: 5156-5160
• 29 Yilmaz A, Price RW, Gisslen M. Antiretroviral drug treatment of CNS HIV-1 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67: 299-311
• 30 Calcagno A, Cusato J, Simiele M et al. High interpatient variability of raltegravir CSF concentrations in HIV-positive patients: a pharmacogenetic analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69: 241-245
• 31 Calcagno A, Simiele M, Alberione MC et al. Cerebrospinal fluid inhibitory quotients of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected patients are associated with compartmental viral control. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60: 311-317
• 32 Dahl V, Lee E, Peterson J et al. Raltegravir treatment intensification does not alter cerebrospinal Fluid HIV-1 Infection or Immunoactivation in subjects on suppressive therapy. J Infect Dis 2011; 204: 1936-1945
• 33 Schifitto G, Navia BA, Yiannoutsos CT et al. Memantine and HIV-associated cognitive impairment: a neuropsychological and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Aids 2007; 21: 1877-1886
• 34 Ciesla JA, Roberts JE. Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 725-730
• 35 Bouhnik AD, Preau M, Vincent E et al. Depression and clinical progression in HIV-infected drug users treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther 2005; 10: 53-61
• 36 Rivera-Rivera Y, Garcia Y, Toro V et al. Depression correlates with increased plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and a dysregulated oxidant / antioxidant balance in HIV-1-infected subjects undergoing antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Cell Immunol 2014; 5: 1000276-1000276
• 37 Ickovics JR, Hamburger ME, Vlahov D et al. Mortality, CD4 cell count decline, and depressive symptoms among HIV-seropositive women: longitudinal analysis from the HIV Epidemiology Research Study. JAMA 2001; 285: 1466-1474
• 38 Husstedt IW, Arendt G. HIV und ZNS: Management neurologischer Erkrankungen. 2. Aufl Königswinter: Immedis; 2012
• 39 [Anonym] Depression is common among AIDS patients. Psych consult often is necessary. AIDS Alert 2002; 17: 153-154
• 40 Colibazzi T, Hsu TT, Gilmer WS. Human immunodeficiency virus and depression in primary care: a clinical review. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 8: 201-211
• 41 Cohen MA, Gorman JM. Comprehensive Textbook of AIDS Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008
• 42 Robert-Koch-Institut Epidemiologisches Bulletin. Robert-Koch-Institut 2012; 48: 481-488
• 43 Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Smith SL et al. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis: association with clinical and laboratory features. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 369-376
• 44 RKI, Epidemiologisches Bulletin: Virushepatitis C im Jahr 2013 in Epidemiologisches Bulletin Nr. 31, RKI, Editor 2014: 275-288
• 45 Robert-Koch-Institut Epidemiologisches Bulletin. Robert-Koch-Institut 2013; 30: 273-284
• 46 Yaphe S, Bozinoff N, Kyle R et al. Incidence of acute hepatitis C virus infection among men who have sex with men with and without HIV infection: a systematic review. Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88: 558-564
• 47 Martin-Thormeyer EM, Paul RH. Drug abuse and hepatitis C infection as comorbid features of HIV associated neurocognitive disorder: neurocognitive and neuroimaging features. Neuropsychol Rev 2009; 19: 215-231
• 48 Devlin KN, Gongvatana A, Clark US et al. Neurocognitive effects of HIV, hepatitis C, and substance use history. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2012; 18: 68-78
• 49 Ryan EL, Morgello S, Isaacs K et al. Neuropsychiatric impact of hepatitis C on advanced HIV. Neurology 2004; 62: 957-962
• 50 Hofmann WP, Sarrazin C, Zeuzem S. Current standards in the treatment of chronic hepatits C. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2012; 109: 352-358
• 51 Hahn K, Husstedt IW. HIV-associated neuropathies. Nervenarzt 2010; 81: 409-417
• 52 Centner CM, Bateman KJ, Heckmann JM. Manifestations of HIV infection in the peripheral nervous system. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 295-309
• 53 Arenas-Pinto A, Bhaskaran K, Dunn D et al. The risk of developing peripheral neuropathy induced by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors decreases over time: evidence from the Delta trial. Antivir Ther 2008; 13: 289-295
• 54 Ellis RJ, Rosario D, Clifford DB et al. Continued high prevalence and adverse clinical impact of human immunodeficiency virus-associated sensory neuropathy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: the CHARTER Study. Arch Neurol 2010; 67: 552-558
• 55 Hahn K, Robinson B, Anderson C et al. Differential effects of HIV infected macrophages on dorsal root ganglia neurons and axons. Exp Neurol 2008; 210: 30-40
• 56 Hahn K, Arendt G, Braun JS et al. A placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin for painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathies. J Neurol 2004; 251: 1260-1266
• 57 Wernicke JF, Pritchett YL, D’Souza DN et al. A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Neurology 2006; 67: 1411-1420
• 58 Simpson DM, Brown S, Tobias J.. Controlled trial of high-concentration capsaicin patch for treatment of painful HIV neuropathy. Neurology 2008; 70: 2305-2313
• 59 Martin C, Solders G, Sonnerborg A et al. Antiretroviral therapy may improve sensory function in HIV-infected patients: a pilot study. Neurology 2000; 54: 2120-2127
• 60 Brannagan TH, 3 rd Zhou Y. HIV-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2003; 208: 39-42
• 61 Thornton CA, Latif AS, Emmanuel JC. Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zimbabwe. Neurology 1991; 41: 812-815
• 62 Yombi JC, Vandercam B, Wilmes D et al. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients with type 1 human immunodeficiency virus infection: clinical analysis and review. Clin Rheumatol 2009; 28: 815-823
• 63 Mary-Krause M, Billaud E, Poizot-Martin I et al. Risk factors for osteonecrosis in HIV-infected patients: impact of treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy. Aids 2006; 20: 1627-1635
• 64 Cazanave C, Dupon M, Lavignolle-Aurillac V et al. Reduced bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients: prevalence and associated factors. Aids 2008; 22: 395-402
• 65 Gardner K, Hall PA, Chinnery PF et al. HIV treatment and associated mitochondria pathology: review of 25 years of in vitro, animal, and human studies. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42: 811-822