Die Paläoernährung und ihr Stellenwert für die Prävention und Behandlung chronischer Krankheiten

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund: Der derzeit beobachtete Anstieg chronischer nicht übertragbarer Krankheiten wird mithilfe vieler existierender Modelle versuchsweise erklärt. Innerhalb der evolutionären Medizin ergibt sich ein Erklärungsmodell aus der unvollständigen Anpassung des Menschen an die moderne Lebensweise, was sich auch in dem Ausdruck „Zivilisationskrankheiten“ widerspiegelt. Der Ernährung wird in diesem Kontext eine kritische Rolle eingeräumt. Diesem Ansatz folgend wurde der Begriff der „Paläoernährung“ bzw. „Steinzeiternährung“ als eine Ernährungsweise eingeführt, welche sich an dem Nahrungsverhalten des Menschen während der Altsteinzeit ausrichtet, die chronologisch den Großteil der menschlichen Existenz ausmacht. Da sich die Paläoernährung derzeit einer steigenden Beliebtheit nicht nur unter Konsumenten erfreut, sondern sich auch zunehmend im internationalen wissenschaftlichen Fokus wiederfindet, ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, innerhalb des deutschsprachigen Raumes umfassend über die Hintergründe, Prinzipien und wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse zur Paläoernährung zu berichten.

Material und Methodik: Aus anthropologischen und ethnografischen Daten, ergänzt durch physiologische Hintergründe, wird ein kurzer Abriss der menschlichen Ernährung während der Altsteinzeit skizziert. Aus diesen Einsichten werden die Prinzipien einer modernen Steinzeiternährung abgeleitet. Alle bisher erschienenen klinischen Studien, mit einer Paläoernährung als Intervention, wurden knapp beschrieben und ausgewertet. Schließlich erfolgt eine Diskussion der Paläoernährung als wichtiges Hilfsmittel einer modernen evolutionären Medizin mit dem übergeordneten Ziel der Prävention chronischer nicht übertragbarer Krankheiten.

Ergebnisse: Bisher existieren nur Studien mit kleinen Fallzahlen und methodischen Schwächen, die aber ein konsistentes Bild einer Überlegenheit der Paläoernährung gegenüber anderen, auch vollwertigen Ernährungsformen ergeben. Die größte Evidenz besteht für einen günstigen Einfluss auf koronare Risikofaktoren; eine günstige Wirkung auf autoimmune Erkrankungen erscheint wahrscheinlich.

Schlussfolgerung: Eine Paläoernährung eignet sich als Intervention gegen koronare und evtl. auch autoimmunologische Erkrankungen. Ihre Umsetzung wird durch den intuitiven Ansatz einer „artgerechten“ Ernährung erleichtert.

Abstract

Background: Many concepts try to explain the current rise in the chronic non-communicable diseases. Within the framework of evolutionary medicine there is a common explanation for these diseases in the form of an insufficient adaption to the modern lifestyle, which also reflects in the word “diseases of civilization”. Nutrition plays a key role within this framework. Accordingly, the terms “Paleolithic diet”, “Stone Age diet” or simply “Paleo diet” have been introduced to refer to a diet that tries to mimic human dietary behaviors during the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) era, which chronologically spans the majority of human existence. Because the Paleo diet is not only becoming more popular among consumers, but also receives increased attention from the international scientific community, the goal of this review is to comprehensively summarize the background, principles and scientific evaluation of the Paleo diet for the German-speaking part.

Materials and Methods: Based on anthropological and ethnographic studies, supplemented with physiological insights, a short overview of the evolution of the human diet during the Old Stone Age is given. From these insights the principles of a modern Paleo diet are derived. All clinical studies published to date using a Paleo diet as an intervention have been shortly described and evaluated. Finally, the Paleo diet is discussed within the broader context of a modern evolutionary medicine that primarily aims at preventing the chronic non-communicable diseases.

Results: Although only studies with small sample sizes and methodological shortcomings have been published, they nevertheless have consistently shown that a Paleolithic diet is superior to other diets, also those regarded as wholesome. The largest evidence supports a beneficial effect on coronary risk factors, while beneficial effects on autoimmune diseases seem probable.

Conclusion: A Paleolithic diet appears suitable for the treatment of coronary diseases, and probably also autoimmune disorders. Compliance to the diet is facilitated by its intuitive analogy to a “species-appropriate” diet.

Schlüsselwörter

Paläoernährung - Steinzeiternährung - evolutionäre Medizin - Jäger und Sammler

Keywords

paleolithic diet - paleo diet - stone age diet - evolutionary medicine - hunters and gatherers

^* Diese Autoren haben in gleichem Maße zu dieser Publikation beigetragen.

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