Download PDF
Am J Perinatol 2022; 39(16): 1764-1778
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749635
Review Article

Mother to Newborn Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Evolution of Evidence in 1.5 Years of COVID-19 Pandemic

Arpit Gupta 
1   Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYC Health, Hospitals/Metropolitan, New York City, New York
,
Ranjith Kamity 
2   Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, New York City, New York
,
Rishika Sharma
3   Department of Pediatrics, Family Healthcare Network, Visalia, California
,
Martha Caprio
4   Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York
,
Pradeep Mally
4   Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York
,
Sourabh Verma
4   Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York
› Author Affiliations Funding None.
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused significant mortality and morbidity in people of all age groups worldwide. Given the uncertainty regarding the mode of transmission and potential effects of COVID-19 on pregnant mothers and their newborns, guidelines for taking care of maternal–newborn dyads have evolved tremendously since the pandemic began. There has been an enormous influx of published materials regarding the outcomes of mothers and newborns. Still, multiple knowledge gaps regarding comprehensive information about risk to the mothers and newborns exist, which need to be addressed. Current evidence suggests that mothers with symptomatic COVID-19 infection are at increased risk of severe illness during pregnancy, with a higher need for respiratory support and premature deliveries. Neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 are at increased risk of needing intensive care; however, most newborns do well after birth. As new mutant variants arise, we need to be cautious while proactively understanding any new evolving patterns. All leading health authorities strongly recommend COVID-19 vaccination before or during pregnancy to reduce the risk of maternal morbidities and benefit from passing antibodies to newborns prenatally and via breastmilk. Additionally, there are racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in outcomes and vaccination coverage for pregnant women. This article summarizes the rapidly evolving evidence for the last 1.5 years and aims to help health care professionals care for mothers with COVID-19 and their newborns.

Key Points

  • COVID-19 in pregnancy can cause perinatal morbidities.

  • Breastfeeding and breast milk are safe for newborns.

  • COVID-19 vaccination reduces the risk for morbidities.

Keywords

COVID-19 - SARS-CoV-2 - pregnancy - newborn - vaccination


Publication History

Received: 23 November 2021

Accepted: 13 April 2022

Article published online:
23 June 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Mosby LG, Ellington SR, Forhan SE. et al. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's maternal health response to 2009 H1N1 influenza. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204 (06, Suppl 1): S7-S12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Rawat M, Chandrasekharan P, Hicar MD, Lakshminrusimha S. COVID-19 in newborns and infants-low risk of severe disease: silver lining or dark cloud?. Am J Perinatol 2020; 37 (08) 845-849
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Verma S, Lumba R, Lighter JL. et al. Neonatal intensive care unit preparedness for the Novel Coronavirus Disease-2019 pandemic: a New York City hospital perspective. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2020; 50 (04) 100795
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M. et al; for PregCOV-19 Living Systematic Review Consortium. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2020; 370: m3320
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Jering KS, Claggett BL, Cunningham JW. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized women giving birth with and without COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181 (05) 714-717
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Ko JY, DeSisto CL, Simeone RM. et al. adverse pregnancy outcomes, maternal complications, and severe illness among US delivery hospitalizations with and without a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73 (Suppl. 01) S24-S31
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Mullins E, Hudak ML, Banerjee J. et al; PAN-COVID investigators and the National Perinatal COVID-19 Registry Study Group. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19: coreporting of common outcomes from PAN-COVID and AAP-SONPM registries. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021; 57 (04) 573-581
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Verma S, Bradshaw C, Auyeung NSF. et al. Outcomes of maternal-newborn dyads after maternal SARS-CoV-2. Pediatrics 2020; 146 (04) e2020005637
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Villar J, Ariff S, Gunier RB. et al. Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women with and without COVID-19 infection: the INTERCOVID multinational cohort study. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175 (08) 817-826
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Zambrano LD, Ellington S, Strid P. et al; CDC COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team. Update: characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status - United States, January 22-October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69 (44) 1641-1647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Afshar Y, Gaw SL, Flaherman VJ. et al; Pregnancy CoRonavIrus Outcomes RegIsTrY (PRIORITY) Study. Clinical presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant and recently pregnant people. Obstet Gynecol 2020; 136 (06) 1117-1125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Angelidou A, Sullivan K, Melvin PR. et al. Association of maternal perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection with neonatal outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (04) e217523
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Kotlyar AM, Grechukhina O, Chen A. et al. Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 224 (01) 35-53 .e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Maru S, Patil U, Carroll-Bennett R. et al. Universal screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant women at Elmhurst Hospital Center, Queens, New York. PLoS One 2020; 15 (12) e0238409
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Rosen H, Bart Y, Zlatkin R. et al. Fetal and perinatal outcome following first and second trimester COVID-19 infection: evidence from a prospective cohort study. J Clin Med 2021; 10 (10) 2152
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Chinn J, Sedighim S, Kirby KA. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of women with COVID-19 giving birth at US academic centers during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (08) e2120456
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Galang RR, Newton SM, Woodworth KR. et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team. Risk factors for illness severity among pregnant women with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection-surveillance for emerging threats to mothers and babies network, 22 state, local, and territorial health departments, 29 March 2020-5 March 2021. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73 (Suppl. 01) S17-S23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Metz TD, Clifton RG, Hughes BL. et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. Disease severity and perinatal outcomes of pregnant patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Obstet Gynecol 2021; 137 (04) 571-580
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Bouachba A, Allias F, Nadaud B. et al. Placental lesions and SARS-Cov-2 infection: diffuse placenta damage associated to poor fetal outcome. Placenta 2021; 112: 97-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Bunnell ME, Koenigs KJ, Roberts DJ, Quade BJ, Hornick JL, Goldfarb IT. Third trimester stillbirth during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: similar rates with increase in placental vasculopathic pathology. Placenta 2021; 109: 72-74
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Leal CRV, Maciel RAM, Corrêa Júnior MD. SARS-CoV-2 infection and placental pathology. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2021; 43 (06) 474-479
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Marton T, Hargitai B, Hunter K, Pugh M, Murray P. Massive perivillous fibrin deposition and chronic histiocytic intervillositis a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2021; 24 (05) 450-454
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Popescu DE, Cioca A, Muresan C. et al. A case of COVID-19 pregnancy complicated with hydrops fetalis and intrauterine death. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021; 57 (07) 667
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Levy A, Yagil Y, Bursztyn M, Barkalifa R, Scharf S, Yagil C. ACE2 expression and activity are enhanced during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295 (06) R1953-R1961
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Valdés G, Neves LA, Anton L. et al. Distribution of angiotensin-(1-7) and ACE2 in human placentas of normal and pathological pregnancies. Placenta 2006; 27 (2-3): 200-207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Jing Y, Run-Qian L, Hao-Ran W. et al. Potential influence of COVID-19/ACE2 on the female reproductive system. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26 (06) 367-373
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Zhou J, Choi S, Liu H. et al. Is SARS-CoV-2 infection a risk factor for early pregnancy loss? ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expression and persistent replicative infection in primitive trophoblast. J Infect Dis 2021
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Colson A, Depoix CL, Dessilly G. et al. Clinical and in vitro evidence against placenta infection at term by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Am J Pathol 2021; 191 (09) 1610-1623
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Mourad M, Jacob T, Sadovsky E. et al. Placental response to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11 (01) 14390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Saulle I, Garziano M, Fenizia C. et al. MiRNA profiling in plasma and placenta of SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women. Cells 2021; 10 (07) 1788
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Rebutini PZ, Zanchettin AC, Stonoga ETS. et al. Association between COVID-19 pregnant women symptoms severity and placental morphologic features. Front Immunol 2021; 12: 685919
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Shchegolev AI, Kulikova GV, Lyapin VM, Shmakov RG, Sukhikh GT. The number of syncytial knots and VEGF expression in placental villi in parturient woman with COVID-19 depends on the disease severity. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171 (03) 399-403
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Glynn SM, Yang YJ, Thomas C. et al. SARS-CoV-2 and placental pathology: malperfusion patterns are dependent on timing of infection during pregnancy. Am J Surg Pathol 2021
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Schwartz DA, Morotti D. Placental pathology of COVID-19 with and without fetal and neonatal infection: trophoblast necrosis and chronic histiocytic intervillositis as risk factors for transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2020; 12 (11) E1308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Lesnic A, Haj Hamoud B, Poenaru MO. et al. Can SARS-CoV-2 induce uterine vascular anomalies and poor contractile response? A case report. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021; 57 (07) 670
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Moltner S, de Vrijer B, Banner H. Placental infarction and intrauterine growth restriction following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 304 (06) 1621-1622
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Watkins JC, Torous VF, Roberts DJ. Defining severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) placentitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145 (11) 1341-1349
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Garrido-Pontnou M, Navarro A, Camacho J. et al. Diffuse trophoblast damage is the hallmark of SARS-CoV-2-associated fetal demise. Mod Pathol 2021; 34 (09) 1704-1709
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Libbrecht S, Van Cleemput J, Vandekerckhove L. et al. A rare but devastating cause of twin loss in a near-term pregnancy highlighting the features of severe SARS-CoV-2 placentitis. Histopathology 2021; 79 (04) 674-676
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Jin JH, Kim Y, Yoo J, Kim EH, Yoon SW. Two cases of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers and their newborns in Korea. Infect Chemother 2021; 53: e41
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Komine-Aizawa S, Takada K, Hayakawa S. Placental barrier against COVID-19. Placenta 2020; 99: 45-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Hanna N, Lin X, Thomas K. et al. Underestimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in placental samples. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225 (05) 572-575 .e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Roberts DJ, Edlow AG, Romero RJ. et al; National Institutes of Health/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development SARS-CoV-2 Placental Infection Workshop. A standardized definition of placental infection by SARS-CoV-2, a consensus statement from the National Institutes of Health/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development SARS-CoV-2 Placental Infection Workshop. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225 (06) 593.e1-593.e9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Zhu Z, Lian X, Su X, Wu W, Marraro GA, Zeng Y. From SARS and MERS to COVID-19: a brief summary and comparison of severe acute respiratory infections caused by three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Respir Res 2020; 21 (01) 224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 222 (05) 415-426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Zeng H, Xu C, Fan J. et al. Antibodies in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia. JAMA 2020; 323 (18) 1848-1849
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Dong L, Tian J, He S. et al. Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. JAMA 2020; 323 (18) 1846-1848
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Gupta A, Malhotra Y, Patil U. et al. In utero vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 in a severely ill 29-week preterm infant. AJP Rep 2020; 10 (03) e270-e274
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Hosier H, Farhadian SF, Morotti RA. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the placenta. J Clin Invest 2020; 130 (09) 4947-4953
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Practice bulletin no. 151: cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster, and toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125 (06) 1510-1525
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Ciapponi A, Bardach A, Comandé D. et al. COVID-19 and pregnancy: an umbrella review of clinical presentation, vertical transmission, and maternal and perinatal outcomes. PLoS One 2021; 16 (06) e0253974
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 World Health Organization. Definition and categorization of the timing of mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2. 2021 . Accessed November 10, 2021 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-mother-to-child-transmission-2021.1
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Shalish W, Lakshminrusimha S, Manzoni P, Keszler M, Sant'Anna GM. COVID-19 and neonatal respiratory care: current evidence and practical approach. Am J Perinatol 2020; 37 (08) 780-791
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Malhotra Y, Knight C, Patil UP. et al. Impact of evolving practices on SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers and their newborns in the largest public healthcare system in America. J Perinatol 2021; 41 (05) 970-980
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Indrio F, Salatto A, Amato O. et al. COVID-19 pandemic in the neonatal intensive care unit: any effect on late-onset sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis?. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181: 853-857
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Smith V, Seo D, Warty R. et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15 (06) e0234187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 American Academy of Pediatrics. FAQs: Management of Infants Born to Mothers with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19. 2021 . Accessed October 14, 2021 at: https://www.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/faqs-management-of-infants-born-to-covid-19-mothers/
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation and Management Considerations for Neonates At Risk for COVID-19. 2021 ; Accessed October 14, 2021 at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/caring-for-newborns.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 World Health Organization. COVID-19 Clinical management: living guidance. 2021 . Accessed October 14, 2021 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-1
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Salvatore CM, Han JY, Acker KP. et al. Neonatal management and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2020; 4 (10) 721-727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Walker KF, O'Donoghue K, Grace N. et al. Maternal transmission of SARS-COV-2 to the neonate, and possible routes for such transmission: a systematic review and critical analysis. BJOG 2020; 127 (11) 1324-1336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Bhargava S, Lumba R, Mally P, Bailey S, Verma S. Horizontal transmission of COVID-19 in a 24-week premature infant and post-discharge follow-up. Cureus 2021; 13 (10) e18455
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Cook J, Harman K, Zoica B, Verma A, D'Silva P, Gupta A. Horizontal transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to a premature infant: multiple organ injury and association with markers of inflammation. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2020; 4 (07) 548-551
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Liguoro I, Pilotto C, Bonanni M. et al. SARS-COV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179 (07) 1029-1046
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Piersigilli F, Carkeek K, Hocq C. et al. COVID-19 in a 26-week preterm neonate. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2020; 4 (06) 476-478
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Woodworth KR, Olsen EO, Neelam V. et al; CDC COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team; COVID-19 Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team (PILOT). Birth and infant outcomes following laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy - SET-NET, 16 jurisdictions, March 29-October 14, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69 (44) 1635-1640
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Popofsky S, Noor A, Leavens-Maurer J. et al. Impact of maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection on breastfeeding due to infant separation at birth. J Pediatr 2020; 226: 64-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Kimberlin DW, Puopolo KM. Breast milk and COVID-19: what do we know?. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72 (01) 131-132
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Groß R, Conzelmann C, Müller JA. et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human breastmilk. Lancet 2020; 395 (10239): 1757-1758
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Tam PCK, Ly KM, Kernich ML. et al. Detectable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in human breast milk of a mildly symptomatic patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72 (01) 128-130
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Al-Benna S. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 gene expression in breast tissue. Eur J Breast Health 2021; 17 (02) 112-115
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Kunjumon B, Wachtel EV, Lumba R. et al. Breast milk and breastfeeding of infants born to SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers: a prospective observational cohort study. Am J Perinatol 2021; 38 (11) 1209-1216
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Centeno-Tablante E, Medina-Rivera M, Finkelstein JL. et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk and breastfeeding: a living systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1484 (01) 32-54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Pace RM, Williams JE, Järvinen KM. et al. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity in milk produced by women with COVID-19. MBio 2021; 12 (01) e03192-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Shlomai NO, Kasirer Y, Strauss T. et al. Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections in breastfeeding mothers. Pediatrics 2021; 147 (05) e2020010918
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Gandhi AM, Ganatra AM, Tank P. Correction to: preliminary results from the FOGSI's National Registry on Pregnancy with COVID-19. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2021; 71: 361-368
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Gale C, Quigley MA, Placzek A. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK: a prospective national cohort study using active surveillance. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2021; 5 (02) 113-121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Sankaran D, Nakra N, Cheema R, Blumberg D, Lakshminrusimha S. Perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection and neonatal COVID-19: A 2021 update. Neoreviews 2021; 22 (05) e284-e295
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Chen Y, Peng H, Wang L. et al. Infants born to mothers with a new coronavirus (COVID-19). Front Pediatr 2020; 8: 104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Lamba V, Lien J, Desai J, Talati AJ. Management and short-term outcomes of neonates born to mothers with active perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21 (01) 400
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Malik S, Surve S, Wade P. et al. Clinical characteristics, management, and short-term outcome of neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in a tertiary care hospital in India. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67 (03) fmab054
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Remaeus K, Savchenko J, Brismar Wendel S. et al. Characteristics and short-term obstetric outcomes in a case series of 67 women test-positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Stockholm, Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2020; 99 (12) 1626-1631
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Sharma Chalise SP, Kumar Mishra S, Sharma Chalise B. et al. Clinical profiles of neonates born to COVID-19 positive mothers in a tertiary care centre: a descriptive cross-sectional study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2021; 59 (239) 667-671
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Norman M, Navér L, Söderling J. et al. Association of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy with neonatal outcomes. JAMA 2021; 325 (20) 2076-2086
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Yasa B, Memur S, Ozturk DY. et al. Severity of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy predicts neonatal outcomes. Am J Perinatol 2021
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Kamity R, Nayak A, Dumpa V. Pneumothorax in neonates born to COVID-19-positive mothers: fact or fortuity?. AJP Rep 2021; 11 (01) e49-e53
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Reddy A, Engelhardt K, Jain D. Air leak syndrome in two very preterm infants born to mothers with coronavirus disease 2019: an association or a coincidence?. AJP Rep 2020; 10 (03) e266-e269
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Moffat MA, Dessie AS, O'Leary K, Lumba R, Rhee DS. Short-term outcomes of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; •••: 1-7
    Google Scholar
  • 89 Al-Lawama M, Badran E, Ghanim N. et al. Perinatal transmission and clinical outcomes of neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers. J Clin Med Res 2021; 13 (08) 420-424
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Budhram S, Vannevel V, Botha T. et al. Maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection in South Africa: an International Network of Obstetric Survey Systems-based cohort study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021; 155 (03) 455-465
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Yasa B, Memur S, Ozturk DY, Bagci O, Uslu SI, Cetinkaya M. Neonatal outcomes of premature infants born to women with the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a case control study. Am J Perinatol 2021
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Hu X, Gao J, Luo X. et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vertical transmission in neonates born to mothers with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Obstet Gynecol 2020; 136 (01) 65-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Karimi-Zarchi M, Neamatzadeh H, Dastgheib SA. et al. Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) from infected pregnant mothers to neonates: a review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2020; 39 (03) 246-250
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Dumpa V, Kamity R, Vinci AN, Noyola E, Noor A. Neonatal coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a case report and review of literature. Cureus 2020; 12 (05) e8165
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Paret M, Lighter J, Pellett Madan R, Raabe VN, Shust GF, Ratner AJ. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in febrile infants without respiratory distress. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71 (16) 2243-2245
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Patil UP, Krishnan P, Abudinen-Vasquez S, Maru S, Noble L. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive newborns of COVID-19 mothers after dyad-care: a case series. Cureus 2021; 13 (01) e12528
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Coronado Munoz A, Nawaratne U, McMann D, Ellsworth M, Meliones J, Boukas K. Late-onset neonatal sepsis in a patient with COVID-19. N Engl J Med 2020; 382 (19) e49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Department-Reported Cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in the United States. 2021 . Accessed October 9, 2021 at: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#mis-national-surveillance
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Amonkar PS, Gavhane JB, Kharche SN, Kadam SS, Bhusare DB. Aortic thrombosis in a neonate with COVID-19-related fetal inflammatory response syndrome requiring amputation of the leg: a case report. Paediatr Int Child Health 2021; 41 (03) 211-216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Farias ECF, Justino MCA, Mello MLFMF. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in a child associated with coronavirus disease 19 in the Brazilian Amazon: fatal outcome in an infant. Rev Paul Pediatr 2020; 38: e2020165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Lima ARO, Cardoso CC, Bentim PRB. et al. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection associated to systemic inflammatory response and pericardial effusion in the newborn: a case report. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10 (04) 536-539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Orlanski-Meyer E, Yogev D, Auerbach A. et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in an 8-week-old infant. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9 (06) 781-784
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 More K, Aiyer S, Goti A. et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates (MIS-N) associated with SARS-CoV2 infection: a case series. Eur J Pediatr 2022
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Pawar R, Gavade V, Patil N. et al. Neonatal multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-N) associated with prenatal maternal SARS-CoV-2: a case series. Children (Basel) 2021; 8 (07) 572
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Committee Opinion No. Committee opinion No. 718: update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 130 (03) e153-e157
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Dagan N, Barda N, Kepten E. et al. BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (15) 1412-1423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M. et al. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine—United States, December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 69 (5152): 1653-1656
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Tenforde MW, Olson SM, Self WH. et al; IVY Network; HAIVEN Investigators. Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and moderna vaccines against COVID-19 among hospitalized adults aged ≥65 years - United States, January-March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70 (18) 674-679
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Gray KJ, Bordt EA, Atyeo C. et al. COVID-19 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study. medRxiv 2021
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Kharbanda EO, Haapala J, DeSilva M. et al. Spontaneous abortion following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. JAMA 2021; 326 (16) 1629-1631
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Shimabukuro TT, Kim SY, Myers TR. et al; CDC v-safe COVID-19 Pregnancy Registry Team. Preliminary Findings of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine safety in pregnant persons. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (24) 2273-2282
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Zauche LH, Wallace B, Smoots AN. et al; CDC v-safe Covid-19 Pregnancy Registry Team. Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (16) 1533-1535
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 The European Medicines Agency. Summary of product characteristics- Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. 2021 ; Accessed October 14, 2021 at: https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/2020/20201221150522/anx_150522_en.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 The United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA briefing document Moderna COVID-19 vaccine. 2020 ; Accessed October 14, 2021 at: https://www.fda.gov/media/144434/download
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Mithal LB, Otero S, Shanes ED, Goldstein JA, Miller ES. Cord blood antibodies following maternal coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225 (02) 192-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Edlow AG, Li JZ, Collier AY. et al. Assessment of maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 viral load, transplacental antibody transfer, and placental pathology in pregnancies during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3 (12) e2030455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Esteve-Palau E, Gonzalez-Cuevas A, Guerrero ME. et al. Quantification of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk of lactating women vaccinated with an mRNA vaccine. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (08) e2120575
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Perl SH, Uzan-Yulzari A, Klainer H. et al. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in breast milk after COVID-19 vaccination of breastfeeding women. JAMA 2021; 325 (19) 2013-2014
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Beharier O, Plitman Mayo R, Raz T. et al. Efficient maternal to neonatal transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. J Clin Invest 2021; 131 (13) 150319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Trostle ME, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Roman AS, Lighter JL. High antibody levels in cord blood from pregnant women vaccinated against COVID-19. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2021; 3 (06) 100481
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET). 2021 ; Accessed October 14, 2021 at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covid-net/purpose-methods.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 The CDC Health Alert Network. COVID-19 Vaccination for Pregnant People to Prevent Serious Illness, Deaths, and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes from COVID-19. 2021 ; Accessed October 14, 2021 at: https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2021/han00453.asp
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people aged 18–49 years overall, by race/ethnicity, and date reported to CDC - Vaccine Safety Datalink, United States. 2021 . Accessed October 14, 2021 at: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations-pregnant-women
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Petersen EE, Davis NL, Goodman D. et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in pregnancy-related deaths—United States, 2007-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 68 (35) 762-765
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Tangel V, White RS, Nachamie AS, Pick JS. Racial and ethnic disparities in maternal outcomes and the disadvantage of peripartum black women: a multistate analysis, 2007-2014. Am J Perinatol 2019; 36 (08) 835-848
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Kramer MR, Strahan AE, Preslar J. et al. Changing the conversation: applying a health equity framework to maternal mortality reviews. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 221 (06) 609.e1-609.e9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Lange SJ, Kompaniyets L, Freedman DS. et al; DNP3. Longitudinal trends in body mass index before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among persons aged 2-19 years - United States, 2018-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70 (37) 1278-1283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar