Current Postlaunch Implementation of State Mandates of Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease by Pulse Oximetry in U.S. States and Hospitals

Abstract

Objective Our objective was to gauge adherence to nationally endorsed protocols in implementation of pulse oximetry (POx) screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) in infants after mandate by all states and to assess associated characteristics.

Study Design Between March and October 2019, an online questionnaire was administered to nurse supervisors who oversee personnel conducting POx screening. The questionnaire used eight questions regarding performance and interpretation of screening protocols to measure policy consistency, which is adherence to nationally endorsed protocols for POx screening developed by professional medical societies. Multilevel linear regression models evaluated associations between policy consistency and characteristics of hospitals and individuals, state of hospital location, early versus late mandate adopters, and state reporting requirements.

Results Responses from 189 nurse supervisors spanning 38 states were analyzed. Only 17% received maximum points indicating full policy consistency, and 24% selected all four options for potential hypoxia that require a repeat screen. Notably, 33% did not recognize ≤90% SpO₂ as an immediate failed screen and 31% responded that an infant with SpO₂ of 89% in one extremity will be rescreened by nurses in an hour rather than receiving an immediate physician referral. Lower policy consistency was associated with lack of state reporting mandates (beta = –1.23 p = 0.01) and early adoption by states (beta = –1.01, p < 0.01).

Conclusion When presented with SpO₂ screening values on a questionnaire, a low percentage of nurse supervisors selected responses that demonstrated adherence to nationally endorsed protocols for CCHD screening. Most notably, almost one-third of respondents did not recognize ≤90% SpO₂ as a failed screen that requires immediate physician follow-up. In addition, states without reporting mandates and early adopter states were associated with low policy consistency. Implementing state reporting requirements might increase policy consistency, but some inconsistency may be the result of unique protocols in early adopter states that differ from nationally endorsed protocols.

Key Points

• Low adherence to nationally endorsed protocols.

• Inconsistent physician follow-up to hypoxia.

• Reporting improved consistency with national policy.

Keywords

RUSP - pulse oximetry screening - CFIR - implementation - newborn screening - CCHD - congenital heart disease - United States - nurses

Note

The contents of this work are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

Publication History

Received: 11 June 2020

Accepted: 06 July 2022

Article published online:
29 December 2022

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