Zusammenfassung
Einleitung: Bei einer Vielzahl akuter und chronischer Erkrankungen haben n-3-Fettsäuren (Omega-3-FS)
günstige immunmodulatorische Effekte gezeigt. Zunehmend gelangen diese Pharmakonutrienzien
auch ins Blickfeld bei der Ernährung kritisch Kranker. Diese Untersuchung diente der
Verlaufsbeurteilung einer parenteralen Ernährung unter Einschluss einer 10 %igen Fischölemulsion
(Omegaven-Fresenius). Primärer Endpunkt der Studie war das Auftreten von postoperativen
Infektionen, sekundärer Endpunkt war die Dauer des Krankenhausaufenthalts. Methoden: In diese prospektive multizentrische Studie wurden 661 Patienten aus 82 Kliniken
eingeschlossen, die sich postoperativ einer mindestens 3-tägigen parenteralen Ernährung
unterziehen mussten. Das untersuchte Kollektiv bestand aus 233 (35,2 %) abdominalchirurgisch
postoperativen Patienten, 268 (40,5 %) Patienten mit Peritonitis, 33 (5 %) mit Pankreatitis,
45 (6,8 %) Poly- und 13 (2 %) Schädel-Hirn-Traumata, 9 (1,3 %) Septikern (nicht abdom.)
und 60 (9,1 %) Sonstigen. Sie erhielten für die Dauer der parenteralen Ernährung 0,11
g/kg/d Fischölemulsion. Ausschlusskriterien waren Fettstoffwechselstörungen, Gerinnungsstörungen,
entgleister Diabetes mellitus und Schock. Ergebnisse: Die beobachteten Patienten waren 62,8 ± 16,4 Jahre alt, mit einem BMI 25,1 ± 4,2.
Die Krankenhausverweildauer betrug 29,1 ± 18,7 (12,5 ± 14,8 Intensivstation). Die
Ernährung erfolgte über 8,7 ± 7,5 Tage und wurde gut toleriert. Die Infektionsrate
war unter der Fischölsupplementierung signifikant niedriger als erwartet. Patienten
mit einem n-3-Anteil von > 5 % an der Gesamtkalorienmenge hatten im Beobachtungszeitraum
einen geringeren Antibiotikabedarf. Während im Gesamtkollektiv keine Veränderung der
Krankenhausverweildauer gefunden werden konnte, war die Verweildauer bei postoperativen
Patienten verkürzt. Ebenso traten Komplikationen unter Fischölsupplementierung signifikant
seltener auf und der Gesamtverlauf der Erkrankungen wurde günstiger bewertet (p <
0,001). Mit einem multifaktoriellen Regressionsmodell wurde die Menge der zugeführten
n-6-Fettsäuren (+ 1,6 d/100 g) sowie die Verzögerung des Beginns der Ernährung (+
1,42 d/1 d Verzögerung) als die Hauptfaktoren identifiziert, die signifikant zur Verlängerung
des Krankenhausaufenthaltes beitrugen. Schlussfolgerung: Fischölsupplementierung der parenteralen Ernährung hat in vielfacher Hinsicht günstige
Einflüsse auf den Genesungsverlauf unterschiedlicher Patientenpopulationen.
Abstract
Introduction: Supplementation of clinical nutrition with fish-oil, rich in n-3 fatty acids, exerts
immune-modulating and organ-protective effects, even after short term infusion. We
evaluated the impact of supplementation of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with a
10 % fish-oil (FO) emulsion (Omegaven-Fresenius) on the clinical course. Primary study
end point was occurrence of infections, secondary endpoint was length of hospital
stay (LOS). Materials and methods: 661 Patients from 82 German hospitals who received TPN for at least 3 days were enrolled
in this prospective multicenter trial. Amongst the patients were 233 (35.2 %) after
major abdominal surgery, 268 (40.5 %) with peritonitis, 33 (5 %) with pancreatitis,
45 (6.8 %) after multiple trauma, 13 (2 %) with severe head injury and 9 (1.3 %) had
non abdominal sepsis. TPN was supplemented with 0.11 g/kg/d of FO. Exclusion criteria
were lipid or coagulation disorders, severe diabetes mellitus and circulatory shock.
Results: The patients enrolled in this survey were 62.8 ± 16.4 years old, with a body mass
index of 25.1 ± 4.2. LOS was 29.1 ± 18.7 days (12.5 ± 14.8 ICU). TPN including FO
was administered for 8.7 ± 7.5 days and was well tolerated. The infection rate was
significantly lower as expected. Patients who received at least 5 % of the daily calorie
intake as FO had lower demand of antibiotics within the observation period. While
no changes in LOS were detected in the overall study population, postoperative patients
were judged to have a shorter LOS. Likewise, complications occurred rarer under fish
oil supplementation as expected. Moreover, evaluation of the patients clinical course
was found more advantageous (p < 0.001). The two mean factors contributing to the
LOS in a multifactor-regression model were amount of n-6 fatty acids (+ 1.6 d/100
g) and the delay of nutrition (+ 1.42 d/day of delay). Conclusion: Fish-oil supplementation of TPN is well tolerated and has favourable effects on the
recovery of distinct patient populations.
Schlüsselwörter
Parenterale Ernährung - enterale Ernährung - n-3-Fettsäuren - Abdominalchirurgie -
Peritonitis
Key words
Parenteral nutrition - enteral nutrition - n-3 fatty acids - abdominal surgery - peritonitis
Literatur
- 1
Schmidt E B, Skou H A, Christensen J H, Dyerberg J.
N-3 fatty acids from fish and coronary artery disease: implications for public health.
Public Health Nutr.
2000;
3 (1)
91-98
- 2
Hardman W E.
Omega-3 fatty acids to augment cancer therapy.
J Nutr.
2000;
132, Suppl 11
3508S-3512S
- 3
Heller A R, Rössel T, Gottschlich B, Tiebel O, Menschikowski O, Litz R J, Zimmermann T,
Koch T.
Omega-3 fatty acids improve liver and pancreas function in postoperative cancer patients.
Int J Cancer.
2004;
111
611-616
- 4
Mayer K, Grimm H, Grimminger F, Seeger W.
Parenteral nutrition with n-3 lipids in sepsis.
Br J Nutr.
2002;
87, Suppl 1
S69-75
- 5
Breil I, Koch T, Heller A, Schlotzer E, Grünert A, Ackern K van, Neuhof H.
Alterations of n-3 fatty acid composition in lung tissue after short-term infusion
of fish oil emulsion attenuates inflammatory vascular reaction.
Crit Care Med.
1996;
24 (11)
1893-1902
- 6
Koch T, Duncker H-P, Klein A, Schlotzer E, Peskar B M, Ackern K van, Neuhof H.
Modulation of pulmonary vascular resistance and edema formation by short-term infusion
of a 10 % fish oil emulsion.
Infusions Ther Transfus Med.
1993;
20
291-300
- 7
Koch T, Heller A, Breil I, Ackern K van, Neuhof H.
Alterations of pulmonary capillary filtration and leukotriene synthesis due to infusion
of a lipid emulsion enriched with Omega-3-fatty acids.
Clin Intens Care.
1995;
6
112-120
- 8
Heller A R, Theilen H J, Koch T.
Fish or chips?.
News Physiol Sci.
2003;
18
50-54
- 9
Pacht E R, DeMichele S J, Nelson J L, Hart J, Wennberg A K, Gadek J E.
Enteral nutrition with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants
reduces alveolar inflammatory mediators and protein influx in patients with acute
respiratory distress syndrome.
Crit Care Med.
2003;
31 (2)
491-500
- 10
Gadeck J E, DeMichele S J, Karlstad M D, Pacht E R, Donahoe M, Alberston T E, Hoozen C
Van, Wennberg A K, Nelson J L, Noursalehi M.
Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, γ-linolenic acid and antioxidants
in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Crit Care Med.
1999;
27 (8)
1409-1420
- 11
Pscheidl E M, Wan J M, Blackburn G L, Bistrian B R, Istfan N W.
Influence of n-3 fatty acids on splanchnic blood flow and lactate metabolism in an
endotoxemic rat model.
Metabolism.
1992;
42
698-705
- 12
Beale R J, Bryg D J, Bihari D J.
Immunonutrition in the critically ill: a systematic review of clinical outcome.
Crit Care Med.
1999;
27 (12)
2799-2805
- 13
Heys S D, Walker L G, Smith I, Eremin O.
Enteral nutritional supplementation with key nutrients in patients with critical illness
and cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.
Ann Surg.
1999;
229 (4)
467-477
- 14
Heyland D K, Novak F, Drover J W, Jain M, Su X, Suchner U.
Should immunonutrition become routine in critically ill patients? A systematic review
of the evidence.
JAMA.
2001;
286 (8)
944-953
- 15
Heyland D K, Dhaliwal R, Drover J W, Gramlich L, Dodek P.
Canadian Critical Care Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee. Canadian clinical practice
guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult
patients.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.
2003;
27 (5)
355-373
- 16
Galban C, Montejo J C, Mesejo A, Marco P, Celaya S, Sanchez-Segura J M, Farre M, Bryg D J.
An immune-enhancing enteral diet reduces mortality rate and episodes of bacteremia
in septic intensive care unit patients.
Crit Care Med.
2000;
28 (3)
643-648
- 17
Bertolini G, Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, Facchini R, Simini B, Bruzzone P, Zanforlin G,
Tognoni G.
Early enteral immunonutrition in patients with severe sepsis: results of an interim
analysis of a randomized multicentre clinical trial.
Intensive Care Med.
2003;
29 (5)
834-840
- 18
Levy M M, Fink M P, Marshall J C, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal S M, Vincent J L,
Ramsay G.
SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS: 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions
Conference.
Crit Care Med.
2003;
31 (4)
1250-1256
- 19
Novak F, Heyland D K, Avenell A, Drover J W, Su X.
Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence.
Crit Care Med.
2002;
30 (9)
2022-2029
- 20
Berghe G van den, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D,
Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R.
Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients.
N Engl J Med.
2001;
345 (19)
1359-1367
- 21
Kelbel I, Koch T, Prechtl A, Heller A, Schlotzer E, Schiefer H G, Neuhof H.
Effects of parenteral application of fish oil versus soy oil emulsions on bacterial
clearance functions.
Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin.
1999;
26
226-323
- 22
Fearon K C, Meyenfeldt M F Von, Moses A G, Geenen R Van, Roy A, Gouma D J, Giacosa A,
Gossum A Van, Bauer J, Barber M D, Aaronson N K, Voss A C, Tisdale M J.
Effect of a protein and energy dense N-3 fatty acid enriched oral supplement on loss
of weight and lean tissue in cancer cachexia: a randomised double blind trial.
Gut.
2003;
52 (10)
1479-1486
- 23
Moses A W, Slater C, Preston T, Barber M D, Fearon K C.
Reduced total energy expenditure and physical activity in cachectic patients with
pancreatic cancer can be modulated by an energy and protein dense oral supplement
enriched with n-3 fatty acids.
Br J Cancer.
2004;
90 (5)
996-1002
- 24
Heller A, Koch T, Schmeck J, Ackern K van.
Lipid mediators in inflammatory disorders.
Drugs.
1998;
55 (4)
487-496
- 25
Heller A R, Koch T.
Immunologische Bedeutung von Fett in der parenteralen Ernährung am Beispiel der Omega-3
Fettsäuren.
Aktuel Ernaehr Med.
2002;
27
222-229
- 26
Adolph M.
Lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition.
Ann Nutr Metab.
1999;
43 (1)
1-13
- 27
Heyland D K, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Drover J W.
Total parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysis.
JAMA.
1998;
280 (23)
2013-2019
- 28
Bauer P, Charpentier C, Bouchet C, Nace L, Raffy F, Gaconnet N.
Parenteral with enteral nutrition in the critically ill.
Intensive Care Med.
2000;
26 (7)
893-900
- 29
Marik P E, Zaloga G P.
Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: a systematic review.
Crit Care Med.
2001;
29 (12)
2264-2270
PD Dr. Axel R. HellerDEAA
Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie
Fetscherstraße 74
01309 Dresden
eMail: axel.heller@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
URL: http://www.anaesthesie-dresden.de