Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Laut WHO gaben in Europa im Jahre 2000 zirka 23 % der abhängig Beschäftigten als
arbeitsbedingte gesundheitliche Beschwerden Muskelschmerzen in Nacken und Schultern
an. Ziel der Studie: Ziel der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit war es, den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur
Wirksamkeit aktiver und passiver Therapieverfahren zur Behandlung von Nackenschmerzen
aufzuzeigen. Auf der Basis der Ergebnisse sollen mögliche Konsequenzen für eine sektorenübergreifende
Versorgung formuliert werden. Methodik: Die systematische Literaturrecherche wurde bis 08/2004 in den Datenbanken der Cochrane
Library, Medline (PubMed), PEDro-Datenbank, Health-Star, Amed, NHS Centre for Reviews
& Dissemination, der Projektdatenbank der INAHTA und der ECRI Healthcare durchgeführt.
Ferner wurden Leitlinien nationaler und internationaler Fachgesellschaften durchsucht.
Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse der systematischen Literaturrecherche zeigen, dass Verfahren zur Behandlung
von Nackenschmerzen, die sich ausschließlich körperlichen Symptomen widmen, unzureichend
wirksam sind. Die Effektivität der therapeutischen Verfahren ist in starkem Maße assoziiert
mit der Berücksichtigung biopsychosozialer Ansätze. Häufig begleitet die Patienten
eine kostenintensive apparative Diagnostik und eine unnötige Medikation, während die
ganzheitlichen Aspekte der Erkrankung vernachlässigt werden. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Ein strukturiertes multiprofessionelles Vorgehen auch unter Einbeziehung nichtärztlicher
Berufsgruppen auf der Basis evidenzbasierter Diagnose- und Therapiestrategien ist
dringend erforderlich, um die Forschungs- und Versorgungsdefizite zu minimieren. Trotz
überzeugender Evidenz dominieren in der Praxis passive Therapien gegenüber aktivierenden
Therapien. Diese Tatsache weist auf eine geringe Akzeptanz und eine mangelnde Umsetzung
beweisgestützter therapeutischer Verfahren in die Praxis hin. Es sollten die erforderlichen
berufspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen werden, um die für eine sektorenübergreifende
Kooperation erforderliche Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit der Dienstleistungen empirisch
zu belegen.
Abstract
Background: According to the WHO, 23 % of the employees in Europe reported muscle pain in the
neck and shoulder region in the year 2000. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the actual evidence of active and
passive therapeutic interventions and management strategies for neck disorders. Based
on the results of this review, possible consequences for health care resources should
be formulated. Methods: A sensitive and structured literature research of randomised controlled trials and
systematic reviews was completed from their inception until 08/2004 in the following
databases: Cochrane Library, Medline (PubMed), PEDro Datenbank, Health-Star, Amed,
NHS Centre for Reviews & Dissemination, database of INAHTA and ECRI Healthcare. Databases
of guidelines of national and international medical societies were also included.
Results: The results of this literature review show less evidence for therapeutic interventions
which focus specially on physical modalities. Moreover, the level of effectiveness
of the therapeutic modalities show strong association with concepts based on a bio-psychological
approaches. Frequently, unnecessary expensive equipment and medication for diagnosis
and drug treatment is used while more holistic aspects of neck pain were neglected.
Discussion and conclusion: A structured multiprofessional approach with involvement of professions supplementary
to medicine based on evidence diagnostic and therapeutic modalities is necessary to
reduce deficits in health research and heath care. Despite the convincing evidence
for active therapeutic modalities, the passive interventions are still more commonly
used in clinical practice. This fact might be an indicator that there is little acceptance
and a lack of implementation of evidence based medicine. In future, one of the most
pressing needs is a professional and political framework to define the cost effectiveness
of paramedic comprehensive services offered to the patients in a sector spreading
health care system.
Schlüsselwörter
Nackenschmerzen - Therapie - Evidenz - sektorenübergreifende Versorgung
Key words
Neck pain - therapy - evidence - sector spreading - health care system
Literatur
- 1
Skovron M L.
Epidemiology of low back pain.
Baillieres Clin Rheumatol.
1992;
11
59-73
- 2
Diemer W ; Burchert H.
Chronische Schmerzen - Kopf- und Rückenschmerzen, Tumorschmerzen.
Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes 2004, Heft 7. http://www.gbe-bund.de [Zugriff
am 22.2.04].
- 3
Arzneimittelkomission der Deutschen Ärzteschaft (AkdÄ) .
Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis: Kreuzschmerzen, 2. Auflage, 2000; www.akdae.de [Zugriff
am 31.8.04].
- 4
Spitzer W, LeBlanc F.
Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal disorders.
Report of the Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders.
Spine.
1987;
11
1-59
- 5
Binder A.
Neck Pain.
Clinical Evidence.
2005;
11
1-4. Search Date: May 2004
- 6
Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes (2004a) KKR, Krankheitskosten nach Alter und
Geschlecht in Mill. Euro (2002, Deutschland, Alter, Geschlecht, ICD 10). http://www.gbe-bund.de
[Zugriff am 30.9.04].
- 7
Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes (2004b) KKR, Krankheitskosten pro Kopf nach
Krankheiten, Einrichtungen, Alter und Geschlecht in Euro (2002, Deutschland, Geschlecht,
ICD 10). http://www.gbe-bund.de [Zugriff am 30.9.04].
- 8
Bovim G, Schrader H, Sand T.
Neck pain in the general population.
Spine.
1994;
11
1307-1309
- 9
Mäkelä M, Heliövaara M, Sievers K. et al .
Prevalence, determinants, and consequences of chronic neck pain in Finland.
Am J Epidemiol.
1991;
11
1356-1367
- 10
Rajala U, Keinäänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Uusimääki A. et al .
Musculoskeletal pains and depression in a middle-aged Finnish population.
Pain.
1995;
11
451-457
- 11
Takala J, Sievers K, Klaukka T.
Rheumatic symptoms in the middle-aged population in southwestern Finland.
Scand J Rheumatol.
1982;
11
15-29
- 12
Westerling D, Jonsson B G.
Pain from the neck-shoulder region and sick leave.
Scand J Soc Med.
1980;
11
131-136
- 13
Côté P, Cassidy J D, Carroll L.
The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey.The prevalence of neck pain and related
disability in Saskatchewan adults.
Spine.
1998;
11
1889-1898
- 14
Côté P, Cassidy J D, Carroll L.
The Factors Associated with Neck Pain and its Related Disability in the Saskatchewan
Population.
Spine.
2000;
11
1109-1117
- 15
Côté P, Cassidy J D, Carroll L.
The epidemiology of neck pain: what we have learned from our population-based studies.
JACC.
2003;
11
284-290
- 16
Weltgesundheitsorganisation .
Der europäische Gesundheitsbericht 2002. Regionale Veröffentlichungen der WHO. Europäische
Schriftenreihe Nr. 97 2002. http://www.who.dk [Zugriff am 31.8.04].
- 17 Nachemson A, Jonsson E. Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care.
Neck and Back Pain: The Scientific Evidence of Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Philadelphia;
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2000
- 18
Linton S J.
A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain.
Spine.
2000;
11
1148-1156
- 19
Schin G B.
Sowerby Centre for Health Informatics at Newcastle Prodigy Guidance- Neck pain 2002:
url: www.prodigy.nhs.uk/guidance.asp?gt = neck pain [Zugriff am 20.05.04].
- 20
Assendelft W J, Koes B W, Knipschild P G. et al .
The relationship between methodological quality and conclusions in reviews of spinal
manipulation.
Journal of the American Medical Association.
1995;
11
1942-1948
- 21
Hurwitz E L, Aker P D, Adams A H. et al .
Manipulation and mobilization of the cervical spine. A systematic review of the literature.
Spine.
1996;
11
1746-1759
- 22
Gross A R, Aker P D, Goldsmith C H. et al .
Patient education for mechanical neck disorders (withdrawn).
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
1998;
11
- 23
Gross A R, Aker P D, Goldsmith C H. et al .
Physical medicine modalities for mechanical neck disorders (withdrawn).
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
1998;
11
- 24
White A R, Ernst E.
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for neck pain.
Rheumatology.
1999;
11
143-147
- 25
Hoving J L, Gross A R, Gasner D. et al .
A critical appraisal of review articles on the effectiveness of conservative treatment
for neck pain.
Spine.
2001;
11
196-205
- 26
Carroll D, Moore R A, McQuay H J. et al .
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain.
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2000;
11
- 27
Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, van Tulder M. et al .
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for fibromyalgia and musculoskeletal pain in working
age adults.
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
1999;
11
- 28
Aker P D, Gross A R, Goldsmith C H. et al .
Conservative management of mechanical neck pain: systematic overview and meta-analysis.
British Medical Journal.
1996;
11
1291-1296
- 29
Koes B W, Assendelft W J, Van der Heijden G J. et al .
Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain: a blinded review.
British Medical Journal.
1991;
11
1298-1303
- 30
Ernst E.
Chiripractic spinal manipulation for neck pain: a systematic review.
J Pain.
2003;
11
417-421
- 31
Oduneye F.
Spinal manipulation for chronic neck pain.
STEER: Succinct and Timely Evaluated Reviews.
2004;
11
, Bazian Ltd and Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development, University
of Southhampton [www document] URL http://www.signpoststeer.org/
- 32
Kjellman G V, Skargen E I, Oberg B E.
A critical analysis of randomised clinical trials on neck pain and treatment efficacy:
a review of the literature.
Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.
1999;
11
139-152
- 33
de Korthals-Bos I B, Hoving J L, van Tulder M W. et al .
Cost effectiveness of physiotherapy, manual therapy, and general practitioner care
for neck pain: economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial.
BMJ.
2003;
11
911
- 34
Gross A R, Hoving J L, Haines T A. et al .
Manipulation and mobilisation for mechanical neck disorders (Cochrane Review).
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2004;
11
- 35
Van der Heijden G J, Beurskens A J, Koes B W. et al .
The efficacy of traction for back and neck pain: a systematic, blinded review of randomised
clinical trial methods.
Physical Therapy.
1995;
11
93-104
- 36
Smith L A, Oldman A D, McQuay H J. et al .
Teasing apart quality and validity in systematic reviews: an example from acupuncture
trials in chronic neck and back pain.
Pain.
2000;
11
119-132
- 37
Philadelphia Panel .
Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation
interventions for neck pain. Philadelphia Panel.
Physical Therapy.
2001;
11
1701-1717
- 38
Sarig-Bahat H.
Evidence for exercise therapy in mechanical neck disorders.
Manual Therapy.
2003;
11
10-20
- 39
Viljanen M, Malmivaara A, Uitti J. et al .
Effectiveness of dynamic muscle training, or ordinary activity for chronic neck pain:
randomised controlled trial.
BMJ.
2003;
11
475-480
- 40
Ylinen J, Takala E P, Nykanen M. et al .
Active neck muscle training in the treatment of chronic neck pain in women: a randomized
controlled trial.
JAMA.
2003;
11
2509-2516
- 41
Waling K, Sundelin G, Ahlgren C. et al .
Percieved pain before and after three exercise programs - a controlled clinical trial
of woman with work-related trapezius myalgia.
Pain.
2000;
11
201-207
- 42
Bronfort G, Assendelft W, Evans R. et al .
Efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic headache: a systematic review.
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics.
2001;
11
457-466
- 43
Jordan A, Bendix T, Nielsen H. et al .
Intensive training, physiotherapy, or manipulatiion for patients with chronic neck
pain. A prospective, single-blinded, randomized clinical trial.
Spine.
1998;
11
311-319
- 44
Levoska S, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S.
Active or passive physiotherapy for occupational cervicobrachial disorders? A comparison
of two treatment methods with a 1-year follow-up.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
1993;
11
425-430
- 45
Imich D, Behrens N, Molzen H. et al .
Randomised trial of accupuncture compared with conventional massage and „sham” laser
accupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain.
BMJ.
2001;
11
1574-1578
- 46
Trock D H, Bollet A J, Markoll R.
The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of osteoarthritis of
the knee and cervical spine. Report of randomized, double blind, placebo controlled
trails.
J Rheumatol.
1994;
11
1903-1911
- 47
Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, van Tulder M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, Koes B.
Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for neck and shoulder pain among
working age adults: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration
Back Review Group.
Spine.
2001 a;
- 48
Jensen I, Nygren A, Gamberale F. et al .
The role of the psychologist in multidisciplinary treatments for chronic neck and
shoulder pain. A controlled cost-effectiveness study.
Scand J Rehabil Med.
1995;
11
19-26
- 49
Verhagen A P, Bierma-Zeinstra S M, Feleus A. et al .
Ergonomic and physiotherapeutic interventions for treating upper extremity work related
disorders in adults.
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2003;
11
- 50
Lavin R A, Pappagallo M, Kuhlemeier K V.
Cervical pain: a comparison of three pillows.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
1997;
11
193-198
- 51
Foley-Nolan D, Moore K, Codd M. et al .
Low energy high frequency pulsed electromagnetic therapy for acute whiplash injuries:
a double blind randomised controlled study.
Scan J Rehab.
Med1992;
- 52
Rosenfeld M, Gunnarsson R, Borenstein P.
Early intervention in whiplash1-associated disorders: a comparison of two treatment
protocols.
Spine.
2000;
11
1782-1787. Erratum in: Spine 2003; 28 (11): 1212
- 53
Schnabel M, Vassiliou T, Schmidt T. et al .
Results of early mobilisation of acute whiplash injuries.
Schmerz.
2002;
11
15-21
- 54
Jan-Wehrle S, Wehrle J an I, Huber E.
Die Behandlung von akuten Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule (Therapie und Qualitätsmanagement).
Physiotherapie.
2000;
11
18-24
- 55
McKinney L A.
Early mobilisation and outcome in acute sprains of the neck.
BMJ.
1989;
11
1006-1008
- 56
Rosenfeld M, Seferiadis A, Carlsson J. et al .
Active intervention in patients with whiplash-associated disorders improves long-term
prognosis: a randomised controlled clinical trial.
Spine.
2003;
11
2491-2498
- 57
Verhagen A P, Peeters G G, de Bie R A. et al .
Conservative treatment for whiplash.
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2004;
11
- 58
Borchgrevink G E, Kaasa A, McDonagh D. et al .
Acute treatment of whiplash neck sprain injuries. A randomized trial of treatment
during the first 14 days after a car accident.
Spine.
1998;
11
25-31
- 59
Provinciali L, Baroni M, Illuminati L. et al .
Multimodal treatment to prevent the late whiplash syndrome.
Scand J Rehabil Med.
1996;
11
105-111
- 60
Lord S M, Barnsley L, Wallis B J. et al .
Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain.
N Engl J Med.
1996;
11
1721-1726
- 61
Soederlund A, Lindberg P.
Cognitive behavioural components in physiotherapy management of chronic whiplash associated
disorders (WAD) - a randomised group study.
Physiotherapy Theory and Practice.
2001 a;
11
229-238
- 62
Stein M B, Lebowitz M R, Lydiard B. et al .
Paroxetine treatment of generalized social phobia (social anxiety disorder): a randomized
controlled trial.
Journal of the American Medical Association.
1998;
11
708-713
- 63
Fouyas I P, Statham P F, Sandercock P A.
Cochrane review on the role of surgery in cervical spondylotic radiculomyelopathy.
Spine.
2002;
11
736-747
- 64 Sachverständigenrat für die Konzertierte Aktion im Gesundheitswesen 2000/2001 .Bedarfsgerechtigkeit
und Wirtschaftlichkeit Gutachten 2000/2001. Band III Über-, Unter- und Fehlversorgung.
Ausführliche Zusammenfassung des Gutachtens 2000/2001 Band III: 120 - 121.
- 65
Ryan J, Piercy J, James P.
Assessment of NICE guidance on two surgical procedures.
Lancet.
2004;
11
1525-1526
- 66
Porzsolt F, Ohletz A, Thim A. et al .
Evidence-based decision making - the six step approach.
EBM.
2003;
11
165-166
- 67
Gross C P, Anderson G F, Powe N R.
The relation between funding by the National Institutes of Health and the Burden of
Disease.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
11
1881-1887
- 68
Seeger D, Pfingsten M, Mann K. et al .
Behandlung von chronischen HWS-Beschwerden. Effektivität eines aktivierenden Gruppenkonzeptes.
Manuelle Medizin.
2003;
11
465-471
- 69
Felder H, Jost W.
Akademisierung der Medizinalfachberufe.
Neurol Rehabil.
2002;
11
45-48
- 70
Maher C G, Sherrington C, Elkins M. et al .
Challenges for Evidence-Based Physical Therapy: Accessing and Interpreting High-Quality
Evidence on Therapy.
Physical Therapy.
2004;
11
644-654
Prof. Dr. med. Gudrun Neises
Europa Fachhochschule Fresenius, Fachbereich Wirtschaft/ Gesundheitsökonomie
Limburger Straße 2
65510 Idstein
Email: neises@fh-fresenius.de