Transoral Incisionless fundoplication for reflux after peroral endoscopic myotomy: a crucial addition to our arsenal

Abstract

Introduction Increased esophageal acid exposure is seen in a large percentage of patients with achalasia who undergo peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Endoscopic transoral fundoplication (TIF) is a novel endoscopic technique for the management of patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). We present the first case series evaluating the role of TIF post-POEM.

Methods Consecutive patients 18 years or older from our academic institution who underwent a POEM procedure and subsequently underwent TIF for symptomatic reflux or regurgitation between December 2014 and June 2017 were included. The primary outcome was discontinuation of proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) use and healing of esophagitis (when initially present) on post-procedure esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Technical success was defined as successful completion of the endoscopic fundoplication. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded for all patients.

Results Five patients were included (60 % male, average age 55 ± 14 years). Technical success was achieved in 100 % of patients. Discontinuation of PPI use was achieved in 5/5 patients (100 %). Three patients had esophagitis pre-procedure and all were noted to have resolution of inflammation on post-procedure EGD. No adverse events were noted. Mean follow-up time was 27 months (range 5 – 34 months).

Conclusion TIF post-POEM appears feasible, safe, and efficacious in improving symptoms and esophagitis, decreasing long-term risks of acid exposure, and decreasing risks of long-term PPI use in patients post-POEM in this small cohort of patients. Larger studies are needed to confirm these initial findings.

Introduction

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has emerged as a safe and efficacious therapeutic option for patients with achalasia with efficacy rates upwards of 90 % [1]. However, with successful decrease in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure to relieve symptoms of dysphagia comes the reciprocal consequence of increased acid exposure into the esophagus often requiring long-term proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) use [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. Given the known association between long-standing gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) and the development of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) [6] and esophageal adenocarcinoma [7], as well as the increasing adverse health effects of long-term PPI use [8] [9], such high incidences of post-procedural esophageal acid exposure have significant potential consequences.

Endoscopic transoral fundoplication (TIF) is a novel therapeutic endoscopic technique for the management of patients with chronic GERD [10]. The feasibility of performing TIF after POEM has previously been described in a single video case presentation [11]. We present the first case series evaluating the role of TIF for management of post-POEM GERD.

Methods

Study overview

Consecutive patients 18 years or older who underwent a POEM procedure and subsequently underwent a TIF at our institution between December 2014 and June 2017 were included in a prospective registry. All included patients had reflux symptoms post-POEM. All included patients were offered TIF versus long-term PPI therapy or surgical fundoplication and opted for TIF. Patient demographic information, clinical and procedural data, and follow-up data were collected for all patients. The institutional review board approved the prospective registry (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02162589).

Definitions

The primary outcome was discontinuation of proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) use and healing of esophagitis (when initially present) on post-procedure esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Technical success was defined as successful completion of the endoscopic fundoplication. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded for all patients.

Procedural technique

All procedures were performed under general anesthesia by endoscopists (AT, MK) with expertise in performing TIF. Peri-procedural antibiotics were given in all cases. A flexible endoscope (GIFH 190; Olympus; Center Valley, PA, United States) was used to evaluate the esophagus and assess for a hiatal hernia before the procedure. The Esophyx Z device (Endogastric Solutions; Redmond, WA, United States) was then introduced transorally over a flexible endoscope (GIF-XP190, Olympus) into the stomach. The endoscope was retroflexed and the plastic jaw was advanced fully into the stomach under direct visualization. The endoscope was retracted back into the device and the plastic jaw was closed. Subsequently, the endoscope was re-advanced into the gastric lumen and retroflexed to gain visualization of the device. The plastic jaw was rotated to the 11 o’clock position and oriented to just proximal to the lip of gastric tissue distal to the gastroesophageal junction ([Fig. 1a]). The helical retractor was inserted into the gastric tissue, coiled and retracted to secure the tissue within the device ([Fig. 1b]). The device was then rotated counter-clockwise creating the wrap, and the plastic jaw was closed and locked in place. An invaginator was activated to avoid involvement of the diaphragm. Polypropylene fasteners were then deployed through the apposed esophageal and gastric walls. The invaginator was then disengaged and the tissue released. The process was then repeated until a 270 degree fundoplication was achieved ([Fig. 2]). The device was then removed through the oropharynx, and a flexible endoscope was used to examine the fundoplication. A total of 20 fasteners were used in each procedure. Post-procedure, all patients were admitted to the hospital for at least 1 night for observation.

Fig. 1 a, b Esophyx device creating the wrap.

Fig. 2 Successful 270 degree fundoplication.

Outcome measurements

Patients were continued on PPI for 6 weeks post-TIF procedure after which they were tapered off as tolerated. All patients underwent follow-up endoscopy post-TIF at 3 months post-procedure. All patients were evaluated post-procedure in follow-up via an office visit and/or phone encounter.

Results

Five patients were included (60 % male, average age 55 ± 14 years). Two patients (40 %) were status-post posterior approach POEM, two patients (40 %) were post anterior approach POEM, and one patient (20 %) underwent anterior followed by posterior POEM. All patients were on PPIs pre-TIF with either complete improvement or some improvement without complete relief. All patients underwent pH testing post-POEM and pre-TIF. Three patients had positive DeMeester scores on pH study with esophagitis on EGD, two categorized as class B and one categorized as class D; one patient had a positive pH study without esophagitis, and one patient had regurgitation symptoms ([Table 1]).

Table 1 TIF post-POEM patient data.

	Age, years	Gender	Indication for TIF	On PPI pre-TIF	Esophagitis on EGD pre-TIF	Off PPI post-TIF	Healed esophagitis post-TIF
Patient 1	39	F	+ pH study	Y	Y, Class B	Y	Y
Patient 2	70	F	Regurgitation	Y	N	Y	n/a
Patient 3	51	M	+ pH study	Y	Y, Class D	Y	Y
Patient 4	44	M	+ pH study	Y	N	Y	n/a
Patient 5	69	M	+ pH study	Y	Y, Class B	Y	Y

EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; POEM, peroral endoscopic myotomy; PPI, proton-pump inhibitor; TIF, transoral fundoplication.

Procedural data

Technical success was achieved in 100 % of patients. The average amount of time between POEM and TIF was 13.5 months (range 4 – 27 months). All patients spent at least 1 night in the hospital post-TIF; one patient spent 2 nights.

Primary and secondary outcomes

Discontinuation of PPI use was achieved in 5/5 patients (100 %). Post-procedure EGD was performed in all patients 3 months post-procedure. All patients with esophagitis pre-procedure were noted to have resolution of inflammation on post-procedure EGD. Four out of five patients had their PPIs stopped 6 weeks after TIF; one patient remained on PPIs for 1 year post-procedure due to persistent symptoms despite resolution of esophagitis on EGD but has been off PPIs since. No patients had pH testing post-TIF. Average follow-up time was 27 months (range 5 – 34 months). There were no adverse events ([Table 2]).

Table 2 TIF post-POEM results.

Technical success	100 % (n = 5)
Off of PPI	100 % (n = 5)
Healing of esophagitis	100 % (n = 2)
Adverse events	0
Mean follow-up time	27 months (range 5 – 34 months)

POEM, peroral endoscopic myotomy; PPI, proton-pump inhibitor; TIF, transoral fundoplication.

Discussion

Patients with achalasia who undergo POEM have high rates of esophageal acid exposure putting them at risk for development of BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma [6] [7]. Routine post-procedure pH testing and EGD evaluation have demonstrated rates of abnormal acid exposure and esophagitis in the range 28 – 58 % and 17 – 31 %, respectively in published series [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. Endoscopic fundoplication (TIF) is an exciting new treatment option for patients with GERD. The procedure involves creation of a 270 – 330 degree full-thickness esophagogastric fundoplication via an over-the-scope device [9]. In randomized control trials, this technique has shown superiority over high-dose medical therapy and/or a sham procedure in relieving GERD symptoms with efficacy rates comparable to surgical Nissen fundoplication [12] [13]. However, the procedure is indicated only for patients with a hiatal hernia less than 2 cm, somewhat limiting its widespread generalizability. Patients who are status-post POEM and suffering from increased acid exposure represent an ideal population to benefit from TIF. These patients do not have a hiatal hernia as a contributing cause of their reflux, and due to their underlying achalasia, they would in theory benefit from a 270 – 330 degree wrap compared to a 360 degree surgical wrap to prevent recurrent post-procedure dysphagia. Additionally, they are potentially at increased surgical risk due to scarring from the myotomy.

To date, only one video case report has demonstrated the feasibility and safety of performing TIF post-POEM [11]. Our study represents the first case series of 5 patients who successfully underwent TIF after POEM procedure. We showed 100 % technical success and no adverse events, confirming the procedure to be safe and feasible. Additionally, 100 % of patients were able to discontinue their PPIs and all patients with esophagitis had resolution of their inflammation on repeat EGD, confirming that the procedure was also efficacious.

In patients with achalasia who undergo Heller myotomy (HM), a surgical fundoplication is typically performed concurrently. Although rates of esophageal reflux are lower post-HM compared to POEM with this technique, a recent meta-analysis showed that over 10 % of patients are still affected and at a cost of a mild decrease in dysphagia efficacy [14]. Combining POEM with staged TIF allows for selective treatment of only those patients who require treatment for acid exposure. Additionally, separating the myotomy from the fundoplication may allow for post-procedure healing from each intervention, again increasing efficacy.

Recently, concerns have emerged over the association between many adverse health risks and long-term PPI use. These include kidney disease, dementia, bone disease, micronutrient deficiencies, infections such as pneumonia and clostridium difficile, and most recently gastrointestinal malignancy, specifically gastric cancer [8] [9]. While these health risks are mainly felt to be associative risks and a cause and effect relationship is yet to be clearly elucidated, cessation of PPI use after POEM is especially important to avoid potential complications related to these medications.

The main limitation of this study is the small number of patients. Additionally, while esophagitis improved and patients were able to come off their PPIs, objective pH testing post-TIF was not performed. And lastly, TIF was performed from a range of 4 – 27 months post-POEM in our study; the optimal timing post-POEM is yet to be elucidated.

In conclusion, TIF post-POEM appears feasible, safe, and efficacious in improving symptoms and esophagitis, decreasing long-term risks of acid exposure, and decreasing risks of long-term PPI use in patients post-POEM in this small cohort of patients. Patients post-POEM with symptomatic reflux should be offered TIF as a therapeutic option. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these initial findings.

Competing interests

Michel Kahaleh MD has received grant support from Boston Scientific, Fujinon, EMcision, Xlumena Inc., W.L. Gore, MaunaKea, Apollo Endosurgery, Cook Endoscopy, ASPIRE Bariatrics, GI Dynamics, NinePoint Medical, Merit Medical, Olympus and MI Tech. He is a consultant for Boston Scientific, Xlumena Inc., Concordia Laboratories Inc, ABBvie, and MaunaKea Tech. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to report. Dr. Amy Tyberg is a consultant for EndoGastric solutions.

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