Download PDF
Drug Res (Stuttg)
DOI: 10.1055/a-2604-4115
Review

Curcumin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Natural Approach to Modulating Metabolic Dysfunction

Rufaida Wasim
1   Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow (UP) India
,
Sumaiya Azmi
2   Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Lucknow, India
,
Mohammad Owais
1   Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow (UP) India
,
Aamir Anwar
1   Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow (UP) India
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

A complex and multifaceted metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming a significant public health concern. Due to their many biological characteristics, bioactive compounds from herbal medicine have been shown in multiple studies to have positive benefits on the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes. The scientific community is becoming more interested in curcumin, one of these therapeutic herbs. The plant Curcuma longa, often known as turmeric, has a bioactive compound called curcumin in its rhizome. Antioxidant, cardio-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, nephro-protective, anti-neoplastic, hepato-protective, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and anti-rheumatic effects are among the various pharmacological and biological effects of curcumin that have been reported by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Curcumin extract increases -cell functioning, delays the onset of diabetes, inhibits -cell death, and lowers insulin resistance in animal models. Recent preclinical studies and clinical trials have shown strong evidence of curcumin’s vital roles in preventing type 2 diabetes via a number of pathways. Thus, the antidiabetic action of curcumin and its many mechanisms are comprehensively summarized in this study. The findings indicated that curcumin’s anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antihyperglycemic, antiapoptotic, and antihyperlipidemic properties, among others, account for its success in treating type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest that curcumin could be a potential option for T2DM prevention and management.

Keywords

curcumin - type 2 diabetes mellitus - antidiabetic activity - molecular mechanisms, antioxidant


Publication History

Received: 18 March 2025

Accepted: 06 May 2025

Article published online:
02 June 2025

© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Wasim R, Ansari TM, Siddiqui MH. et al. Repurposing of drugs for cardiometabolic disorders: an out and out cumulation. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2023; 55: 7-24
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Patergnani S, Bouhamida E, Leo S. et al. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and “mito-inflammation”: actors in the diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9: 216
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Ghorbani Y, Schwenger KJ, Allard JP. Manipulation of intestinal microbiome as potential treatment for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Nutrition 2021; 60: 2361-2379
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y. et al. Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. International journal of medical sciences 2014; 11: 1185
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Snelson M, de Pasquale C, Ekinci EI. et al. Gut microbiome, prebiotics, intestinal permeability and diabetes complications. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2021; 35: 101507
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Lee J, Noh S, Lim S. et al. Plant extracts for type 2 diabetes: From traditional medicine to modern drug discovery. Antioxidants 2021; 10: 81
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Adams JA, Uryash A, Lopez JR. et al. The endothelium as a therapeutic target in diabetes: a narrative review and perspective. Frontiers in physiology 2021; 12: 638491
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Cloete L. Diabetes mellitus: an overview of the types, symptoms, complications and management. Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987) 2021; 37: 61-66
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Kurniawan AH, Suwandi BH, Kholili U. Diabetic gastroenteropathy: a complication of diabetes mellitus. Acta Medica Indonesiana 2019; 51: 263
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Riyaphan J, Pham DC, Leong MK. et al. In silico approaches to identify polyphenol compounds as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors against type-II diabetes. Biomolecules 2021; 11: 1877
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Rodríguez IA, Serafini M, Alves IA. et al. Natural products as outstanding alternatives in diabetes mellitus: A patent review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15: 85
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Behl T, Gupta A, Albratty M. et al. Alkaloidal phytoconstituents for diabetes management: exploring the unrevealed potential. Molecules 2022; 27: 5851
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Mirzaei H, Shakeri A, Rashidi B. et al. Phytosomal curcumin: A review of pharmacokinetic, experimental and clinical studies. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2017; 85: 102-112
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Derosa G, Maffioli P, Simental-Mendía LE. et al. Effect of curcumin on circulating interleukin-6 concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological research 2016; 111: 394-404
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Strimpakos AS, Sharma RA. Curcumin: preventive and therapeutic properties in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Antioxidants & redox signaling 2008; 10: 511-546
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Aggarwal BB, Harikumar KB. Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 2009; 41: 40-59
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Nishiyama T, Mae T, Kishida H. et al. Curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) suppress an increase in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice. Journal of Agricultural and food Chemistry 2005; 53: 959-963
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Kim HS, Hwang YC, Koo SH. et al. PPAR-γ activation increases insulin secretion through the up-regulation of the free fatty acid receptor GPR40 in pancreatic β-cells. PloS one 2013; 8: e50128
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Rahmani S, Asgary S, Askari G. et al. Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with curcumin: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Phytotherapy Research 2016; 30: 1540-1548
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Yang YS, Su YF, Yang HW. et al. Lipid-lowering effects of curcumin in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytotherapy research 2014; 28: 1770-1777
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Adab Z, Eghtesadi S, Vafa MR. et al. Effect of turmeric on glycemic status, lipid profile, hs-CRP, and total antioxidant capacity in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Phytotherapy Research 2019; 33: 1173-1181
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Na LX, Li Y, Pan HZ. et al. Curcuminoids exert glucose-lowering effect in type 2 diabetes by decreasing serum free fatty acids: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Molecular nutrition & food research 2013; 57: 1569-1577
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Phonrat B. et al. Reduction of atherogenic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes by curcuminoid extract: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2014; 25: 144-150
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Shen L, Ji HF. The pharmacology of curcumin: is it the degradation products?. Trends in molecular medicine 2012; 18: 138-144
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Slika L, Patra D. A short review on chemical properties, stability and nano-technological advances for curcumin delivery. Expert opinion on drug delivery 2020; 17: 61-75
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Shen L, Ji HF. Theoretical study on physicochemical properties of curcumin. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2007; 67: 619-623
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA. et al. Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Molecular pharmaceutics 2007; 4: 807-818
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Chen Y, Wang J, Rao Z. et al. Study on the stability and oral bioavailability of curcumin loaded (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate/poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) nanoparticles based on hydrogen bonding-driven self-assembly. Food Chemistry 2022; 378: 132091
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Jiang L, Xia N, Wang F. et al. Preparation and characterization of curcumin/β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation to improve the stability and bioavailability of curcumin. Lwt 2022; 171: 114149
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Bolger GT, Licollari A, Tan A. et al. Pharmacokinetics of liposomal curcumin (Lipocurc™) infusion: Effect of co-medication in cancer patients and comparison with healthy individuals. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 2019; 83: 265-275
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Kotha RR, Luthria DL. Curcumin: biological, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and analytical aspects. Molecules 2019; 24: 2930
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Indira Priyadarsini K. Chemical and structural features influencing the biological activity of curcumin. Current pharmaceutical design 2013; 19: 2093-2100
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. Curcumin: A review of its effects on human health. Foods 2017; 6: 92
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Hsu CH, Cheng AL. Clinical studies with curcumin. The molecular targets and therapeutic uses of curcumin in health and disease. 2007: 471-80
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Berbudi A, Rahmadika N, Tjahjadi AI. et al. Type 2 diabetes and its impact on the immune system. Current diabetes reviews 2020; 16: 442-449
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Halim M, Halim A. The effects of inflammation, aging and oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes). Diabetes & metabolic syndrome: clinical research & reviews 2019; 13: 1165-1172
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Hameed I, Masoodi SR, Mir SA. et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: from a metabolic disorder to an inflammatory condition. World journal of diabetes 2015; 6: 598
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Pedersen BK. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. European journal of clinical investigation 2017; 47: 600-611
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Jain SK, Rains J, Croad J. et al. Curcumin supplementation lowers TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion in high glucose-treated cultured monocytes and blood levels of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic rats. Antioxidants & redox signaling 2009; 11: 241-249
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Abo-Salem OM, Harisa GI, Ali TM. et al. Curcumin ameliorates streptozotocin-induced heart injury in rats. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 2014; 28: 263-70
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Gonzales AM, Orlando RA. Curcumin and resveratrol inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated cytokine expression in adipocytes. Nutrition & metabolism 2008; 5: 1-3
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Guo S, Meng XW, Yang XS. et al. Curcumin administration suppresses collagen synthesis in the hearts of rats with experimental diabetes. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2018; 39: 195-204
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Miao C, Chen H, Li Y. et al. Curcumin and its analog alleviate diabetes-induced damages by regulating inflammation and oxidative stress in brain of diabetic rats. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 2021; 13: 1-1
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Panahi Y, Khalili N, Sahebi E. et al. Curcuminoids plus piperine modulate adipokines in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current clinical pharmacology 2017; 12: 253-258
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Adibian M, Hodaei H, Nikpayam O. et al. The effects of curcumin supplementation on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum adiponectin, and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytotherapy Research 2019; 33: 1374-1383
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Pan Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y. et al. Inhibition of JNK phosphorylation by a novel curcumin analog prevents high glucose–induced inflammation and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes and the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes 2014; 63: 3497-3511
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Singh A, Kukreti R, Saso L. et al. Mechanistic insight into oxidative stress-triggered signaling pathways and type 2 diabetes. Molecules 2022; 27: 950
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Chen J, Wang Q, Li R. et al. The role of sirtuins in the regulatin of oxidative stress during the progress and therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Life Sciences 2023; 333: 122187
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Cojic M, Kocic R, Klisic A. et al. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic and oxidative stress markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 6-month follow up randomized controlled study. Frontiers in endocrinology 2021; 12: 610893
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Darenskaya MA, Kolesnikova LA, Kolesnikov SI. Oxidative stress: pathogenetic role in diabetes mellitus and its complications and therapeutic approaches to correction. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 2021; 171: 179-189
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Eguchi N, Vaziri ND, Dafoe DC. et al. The role of oxidative stress in pancreatic β cell dysfunction in diabetes. International journal of molecular sciences 2021; 22: 1509
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Réus GZ, Carlessi AS, Silva RH. et al. Relationship of oxidative stress as a link between diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2019; 2019: 8637970
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Xia ZH, Jiang X, Li K. et al. Curcumin inhibits alloxan-induced pancreatic islet cell damage via antioxidation and antiapoptosis. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 2020; 34: e22499
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Qin S, Huang L, Gong J. et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of 4 weeks or longer suggest that curcumin may afford some protection against oxidative stress. Nutrition Research 2018; 60: 1-2
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Shafabakhsh R, Mobini M, Raygan F. et al. Curcumin administration and the effects on psychological status and markers of inflammation and oxidative damage in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2020; 40: 77-82
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Soto-Urquieta MG, López-Briones S, Pérez-Vázquez V. et al. Curcumin restores mitochondrial functions and decreases lipid peroxidation in liver and kidneys of diabetic db/db mice. Biological research 2014; 47: 1-8
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Panahi Y, Khalili N, Sahebi E. et al. Antioxidant effects of curcuminoids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25: 25-31
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Lima TF, Costa MC, Figueiredo ID. et al. Curcumin, Alone or in Combination with Aminoguanidine, Increases Antioxidant Defenses and Glycation Product Detoxification in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats: A Therapeutic Strategy to Mitigate Glycoxidative Stress. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2020; 2020: 1036360
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Kane JP, Pullinger CR, Goldfine ID. et al. Dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus: Role of lipoprotein species and interrelated pathways of lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2021; 61: 21-27
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Lytrivi M, Castell AL, Poitout V. et al. Recent insights into mechanisms of β-cell lipo-and glucolipotoxicity in type 2 diabetes. Journal of molecular biology 2020; 432: 1514-1534
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Vilas-Boas EA, Almeida DC, Roma LP. et al. Lipotoxicity and β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes: Oxidative stress linked to NADPH oxidase and ER stress. Cells 2021; 10: 3328
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Sharma A, Anand SK, Singh N. et al. AMP-activated protein kinase: An energy sensor and survival mechanism in the reinstatement of metabolic homeostasis. Experimental cell research 2023; 428: 113614
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Seo KI, Choi MS, Jung UJ. et al. Effect of curcumin supplementation on blood glucose, plasma insulin, and glucose homeostasis related enzyme activities in diabetic db/db mice. Molecular nutrition & food research 2008; 52: 995-1004
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Su LQ, Chi HY. Effect of curcumin on glucose and lipid metabolism, FFAs and TNF-α in serum of type 2 diabetes mellitus rat models. Saudi journal of biological sciences 2017; 24: 1776-1780
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Belhan S, Yıldırım S, Huyut Z. et al. Effects of curcumin on sperm quality, lipid profile, antioxidant activity and histopathological changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Andrologia 2020; 52: e13584
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Kim BH, Lee ES, Choi R. et al. Protective effects of curcumin on renal oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in a rat model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Yonsei medical journal 2016; 57: 664-673
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Shamsi-Goushki A, Mortazavi Z, Mirshekar MA. et al. Comparative effects of curcumin versus nano-curcumin on insulin resistance, serum levels of apelin and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. 2020: 2337-2346
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Devadasu VR, Wadsworth RM, Kumar MR. Protective effects of nanoparticulate coenzyme Q 10 and curcumin on inflammatory markers and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a possible remedy to diabetic complications. Drug delivery and translational research 2011; 1: 448-455
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Karandish M, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Mohammadi SM. et al. Curcumin and zinc co-supplementation along with a loss-weight diet can improve lipid profiles in subjects with prediabetes: A multi-arm, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 2022; 14: 22
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Panahi Y, Khalili N, Sahebi E. et al. Curcuminoids modify lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Complementary therapies in medicine 2017; 33: 1-5
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S. et al. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences 2020; 21: 6275
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Han S, You L, Hu Y. et al. Ginsenoside F2 enhances glucose metabolism by modulating insulin signal transduction in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Journal of Ginseng Research 2023; 47: 420-428
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Thota RN, Rosato JI, Dias CB. et al. Dietary supplementation with curcumin reduce circulating levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and islet amyloid polypeptide in adults with high risk of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrients 2020; 12: 1032
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Mahdavi A, Moradi S, Askari G. et al. Effect of curcumin on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Studies on Biomarkers and New Targets in Aging Research in Iran: Focus on Turmeric and Curcumin. 2021: 139-149
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Algul S, Ozcelik O, Oto G. et al. Effects of curcumin administration on Nesfatin-1 levels in blood, brain and fat tissues of diabetic rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021; 25: 1616-1621
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Chang GR, Hsieh WT, Chou LS. et al. Curcumin improved glucose intolerance, renal injury, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and decreased chromium loss through urine in obese mice. Processes 2021; 9: 1132
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Al-Saud NB. Impact of curcumin treatment on diabetic albino rats. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2020; 27: 689-94
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Rashid K, Sil PC. Curcumin enhances recovery of pancreatic islets from cellular stress induced inflammation and apoptosis in diabetic rats. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2015; 282: 297-310
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Luechapudiporn R. et al. Curcumin extract for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care 2012; 35: 2121-2127
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Pivari F, Mingione A, Brasacchio C. et al. Curcumin and type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevention and treatment. Nutrients 2019; 11: 1837
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Novel role of mitochondrial matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2011; 52: 3832-3841
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Fu Y, Wang Y, Gao X. et al. Dynamic expression of HDAC3 in db/db mouse RGCs and its relationship with apoptosis and autophagy. Journal of diabetes research 2020; 2020: 6086780
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Zhang X, He N, Xing Y. et al. Knockdown of GCN2 inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2020; 47: 591-598
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Mathew R, White E. Why sick cells produce tumors: the protective role of autophagy. Autophagy 2007; 3: 502-504
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Luo Y, Dong X, Lu S. et al. Gypenoside XVII alleviates early diabetic retinopathy by regulating Müller cell apoptosis and autophagy in db/db mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 895: 173893
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 de Faria JM, Duarte DA, Montemurro C. et al. Defective autophagy in diabetic retinopathy. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2016; 57: 4356-4366
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Pereira CM. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases. International Scholarly Research Notices 2013; 2013: 256404
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Pittalà V, Fidilio A, Lazzara F. et al. Effects of novel nitric oxide-releasing molecules against oxidative stress on retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017; 2017: 1420892
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Chen W, Zou P, Zhao Z. et al. Selective killing of gastric cancer cells by a small molecule via targeting TrxR1 and ROS-mediated ER stress activation. Oncotarget 2016; 7: 16593
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Ye M, Qiu H, Cao Y. et al. Curcumin improves palmitate-induced insulin resistance in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by maintaining proteostasis in endoplasmic reticulum. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8: 148
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Zhang P, Fang J, Zhang J. et al. Curcumin inhibited podocyte cell apoptosis and accelerated cell autophagy in diabetic nephropathy via regulating beclin1/UVRAG/Bcl2. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13: 641-652
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Yao Q, Ke ZQ, Guo S. et al. Curcumin protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by promoting autophagy and alleviating apoptosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 124: 26-34
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Scazzocchio B, Minghetti L, D’Archivio M. Interaction between gut microbiota and curcumin: a new key of understanding for the health effects of curcumin. Nutrients 2020; 12: 2499
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Lee CJ, Sears CL, Maruthur N. Gut microbiome and its role in obesity and insulin resistance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2020; 1461: 37-52
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Yuan T, Yin Z, Yan Z. et al. Tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates diabetes profiles of db/db mice by altering the composition of gut microbiota and up-regulating the expression of GLP-1 in the pancreas. Fitoterapia 2020; 146: 104665
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Ren J, Sowers JR. Application of a novel curcumin analog in the management of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes 2014; 63: 3166
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Wang Y, Zhou S, Sun W. et al. Inhibition of JNK by novel curcumin analog C66 prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy with a preservation of cardiac metallothionein expression. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014; 306: E1239-E1247
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Yu W, Zha W, Ke Z. et al. Curcumin protects neonatal rat cardiomyocytes against high glucose-induced apoptosis via PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Journal of diabetes research 2016; 2016: 4158591
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. Curcumin: A review of its effects on human health. Foods 2017; 6: 92
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Daily JW, Yang M, Park S. Efficacy of turmeric extracts and curcumin for alleviating the symptoms of joint arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of medicinal food 2016; 19: 717-729
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar