PDF icon PDF herunterladen
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2011; 228(5): 446-459
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273357
Statement

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Stellungnahme der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, der Retinologischen Gesellschaft und des Berufsverbands der Augenärzte Deutschlands zur Therapie der diabetischen Makulopathie

Stand: Dezember 2010Recommendation of the Retinological Society, the German Ophthalmological Society and the Professional Association of Ophthalmologists in Germany: treatment of diabetic maculopathyDie redaktionellen Mitarbeiter sind am Ende des Beitrags gelistet
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Eingegangen: 5.4.2011

Angenommen: 7.4.2011

Publikationsdatum:
29. April 2011 (online)

Auch verfügbar aufeRef
   Lizenzen und Reprints
Preview

Zusammenfassung

Abstract

Schlüsselwörter

Retina - diabetische Makulopathie - fokale Laserkoagulation - anti-VEGF

Key words

retina - diabetic maculopathy - focal laser - anti-VEGF

Literatur

  • 1 Hammes H P, Lemmen K D, Jochmann C et al. Diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy.  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2006;  131 1173-1175
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 2 Wild S, Roglic G, Green A et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.  Diabetes Care. 2004;  27 1047-1053
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 3 Lipscombe L L, Hux J E. Trends in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality in Ontario, Canada 1995 – 2005: a population-based study.  Lancet. 2007;  369 750-756
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 4 Knauer C, Pfeiffer N. Blindness in Germany – today and in 2030.  Ophthalmologe. 2006;  103 735-741
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 5 Heintz E, Wirehn A B, Peebo B B et al. Prevalence and healthcare costs of diabetic retinopathy: a population-based register study in Sweden.  Diabetologia. 2010;  53 2147-2154
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Gelisken F, Ziemssen F. Diabetic maculopathy. Diagnosis and treatment.  Ophthalmologe. 2010;  107 773-786
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 7 Klein R, Klein B E, Moss S E. The Wisconsin epidemiological study of diabetic retinopathy: a review.  Diabetes Metab Rev. 1989;  5 559-570
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 8 Klein R, Klein B E, Moss S E et al. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. IV. Diabetic macular edema.  Ophthalmology. 1984;  91 1464-1474
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Brown M M, Brown G C, Sharma S et al. Quality of life with visual acuity loss from diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.  Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;  120 481-484
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Hariprasad S M, Mieler W F, Grassi M et al. Vision-related quality of life in patients with diabetic macular oedema.  Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;  92 89-92
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Clarke P M, Simon J, Cull C A et al. Assessing the impact of visual acuity on quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes using the short form-36.  Diabetes Care. 2006;  29 1506-1511
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 12 Warrian K J, Lorenzana L L, Lankaranian D et al. The assessment of disability related to vision performance-based measure in diabetic retinopathy.  Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;  149 852-860
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Sharma S, Oliver-Fernandez A, Liu W et al. The impact of diabetic retinopathy on health-related quality of life.  Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005;  16 155-159
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Miyamoto J M, Eraker S A. Parameter estimates for a QALY utility model.  Med Decis Making. 1985;  5 191-213
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Chen E, Looman M, Laouri M et al. Burden of illness of diabetic macular edema: literature review.  Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;  26 1587-1597
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Smith A F. The economic impact of ophthalmic services for persons with diabetes in the Canadian Province of Nova Scotia: 1993 – 1996.  Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2001;  8 13-25
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Ferber von L, Koster I, Hauner H. Medical costs of diabetic complications total costs and excess costs by age and type of treatment results of the German CoDiM Study.  Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2007;  115 97-104
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Matz H, Falk M, Gottinger W et al. Cost-benefit analysis of diabetic eye disease.  Ophthalmologica. 1996;  210 348-353
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 19 Lamoureux E L, Tai E S, Thumboo J et al. Impact of diabetic retinopathy on vision-specific function.  Ophthalmology. 2010;  117 757-765
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, und Arbeitsgemeinschaft der wissenschaftlichen medizinischen Fachgesellschaften .Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie Diabetes: Prävention und Therapie von Netzhautkomplikationen. 2010 http://www.versorgungsleitlinien.de/themen/diabetes2/dm2_netzhaut/pdf/nvl_dm2netzhaut_lang.pdf
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Hammes H P, Lemmen K D, Bertram B. Diabetische Retinopathie und Makulopathie (Praxis Leitlinien der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft).  Diabetologie. 2010;  5 117-121
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Browning D J, Altaweel M M, Bressler N M et al. Diabetic macular edema: what is focal and what is diffuse?.  Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;  146 649-655, 655
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Lee C M, Olk R J. Modified grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Long-term visual results.  Ophthalmology. 1991;  98 1594-1602
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs – an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10.  Ophthalmology. 1991;  98 786-806
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Gangnon R E, Davis M D, Hubbard L D et al. A severity scale for diabetic macular edema developed from ETDRS data.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;  49 5041-5047
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Classification of diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms. ETDRS report number 11.  Ophthalmology. 1991;  98 807-822
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Elman M J, Aiello L P, Beck R W et al. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema.  Ophthalmology. 2010;  117 1064-1077
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1.  Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;  103 1796-1806
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 29 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9.  Ophthalmology. 1991;  98 766-785
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group . Focal photocoagulation treatment of diabetic macular edema. Relationship of treatment effect to fluorescein angiographic and other retinal characteristics at baseline: ETDRS report no. 19.  Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;  113 1144-1155
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Fong D S, Segal P P, Myers F et al. Subretinal fibrosis in diabetic macular edema. ETDRS report 23. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.  Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;  115 873-877
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 32 DRCR.net . A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.  Ophthalmology. 2008;  115 1447-1449, 1449
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Beck R W, Edwards A R, Aiello L P et al. Three-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing focal/grid photocoagulation and intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema.  Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;  127 245-251
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 34 DRCR.net . The course of response to focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.  Retina. 2009;  29 1436-1443
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 35 Roider J. Laser treatment of retinal diseases by subthreshold laser effects.  Semin Ophthalmol. 1999;  14 19-26
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 36 Schatz H, Madeira D, McDonald H R et al. Progressive enlargement of laser scars following grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema.  Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;  109 1549-1551
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Tranos P G, Topouzis F, Stangos N T et al. Effect of laser photocoagulation treatment for diabetic macular oedema on patient’s vision-related quality of life.  Curr Eye Res. 2004;  29 41-49
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 38 Ziemssen F, Wiedemann P, Kampik A et al. Intravitreal injections of medications in Germany. Contract situation and legal conditions.  Ophthalmologe. 2009;  106 465-470
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Retinologische Gesellschaft, Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft und Berufsverband der Augenärzte . New aspects in the therapy of neovascular age related macular degeneration. Current position of the Retinological Society, the Germany Ophthalmologic Society and the Professional Union of Eye Doctors of Germany.  Ophthalmologe. 2009;  106 457-464
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 40 Nicholson B P, Schachat A P. A review of clinical trials of anti-VEGF agents for diabetic retinopathy.  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;  248 915-930
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 41 Parravano M, Menchini F, Virgili G. Antiangiogenic therapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor modalities for diabetic macular oedema.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;  CD007419
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 42 Salam A, DaCosta J, Sivaprasad S. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for diabetic maculopathy.  Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;  94 821-826
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 43 Klettner A, Mohle F, Roider J. Intracellular bevacizumab reduces phagocytotic uptake in RPE cells.  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;  248 819-824
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 44 Ziemssen F, Bartz-Schmidt K U, Grisanti S. (Side) effects of VEGF inhibition.  Ophthalmologe. 2006;  103 484-492
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 45 Chew E Y, Ferris III F L, Csaky K G et al. The long-term effects of laser photocoagulation treatment in patients with diabetic retinopathy: the early treatment diabetic retinopathy follow-up study.  Ophthalmology. 2003;  110 1683-1689
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 46 Kook D, Wolf A, Kreutzer T et al. Long-term effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) in patients with chronic diffuse diabetic macular edema.  Retina. 2008;  28 1053-1060
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 47 Karim R, Tang B. Use of antivascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular edema.  Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;  4 493-517
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 48 Goyal S, Lavalley M, Subramanian M L. Meta-analysis and review on the effect of bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema.  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;  249 15-27
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 49 Michaelides M, Kaines A, Hamilton R D et al. A prospective randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy in the management of diabetic macular edema (BOLT study) 12-month data: report 2.  Ophthalmology. 2010;  117 1078-1086
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 50 Arevalo J F, Sanchez J G, Fromow-Guerra J et al. Comparison of two doses of primary intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for diffuse diabetic macular edema: results from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group (PACORES) at 12-month follow-up.  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;  247 735-743
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 51 Lam D S, Lai T Y, Lee V Y et al. Efficacy of 1.25 MG versus 2.5 MG intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema: six-month results of a randomized controlled trial.  Retina. 2009;  29 292-299
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 52 Meyer C H, Ziemssen F, Heimann H et al. Intravitreal injection. Monitoring to avoid postoperative complications.  Ophthalmologe. 2008;  105 143-155, 157
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 53 Shimura M, Nakazawa T, Yasuda K et al. Comparative therapy evaluation of intravitreal bevacizumab and triamcinolone acetonide on persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema.  Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;  145 854-861
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 54 Biester S, Ziemssen F, Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt K et al. Is intravitreal bevacizumab treatment effective in diffuse diabetic macular edema?.  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;  247 1575-1577
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 55 Soheilian M, Ramezani A, Obudi A et al. Randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab alone or combined with triamcinolone versus macular photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema.  Ophthalmology. 2009;  116 1142-1150
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 56 Ahmadieh H, Ramezani A, Shoeibi N et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab with or without triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema; a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;  246 483-489
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 57 Faghihi H, Roohipoor R, Mohammadi S F et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab versus combined bevacizumab-triamcinolone versus macular laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema.  Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;  18 941-948
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 58 Cunningham Jr E T, Adamis A P, Altaweel M et al. A phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema.  Ophthalmology. 2005;  112 1747-1757
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 59 Nguyen Q D, Shah S M, Khwaja A A et al. Two-Year Outcomes of the Ranibizumab for Edema of the mAcula in Diabetes (READ-2) Study.  Ophthalmology. 2010;  117 2146-2151
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 60 Massin P, Bandello F, Garweg J G et al. Safety and efficacy of ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema (RESOLVE Study): a 12-month, randomized, controlled, double-masked, multicenter phase II study.  Diabetes Care. 2010;  33 2399-2405
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 61 Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U et al. The RESTORE Study Ranibizumab Monotherapy or Combined with Laser versus Laser Monotherapy for Diabetic Macular Edema.  Ophtalmology. 2011;  118 615-625
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 62 Felinski E A, Antonetti D A. Glucocorticoid regulation of endothelial cell tight junction gene expression: novel treatments for diabetic retinopathy.  Curr Eye Res. 2005;  30 949-957
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 63 Gillies M C, McAllister I L, Zhu M et al. Pretreatment with intravitreal triamcinolone before laser for diabetic macular edema: 6-month results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;  51 2322-2328
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 64 Steijns D, Duijvesz D, Breedijk M A et al. Steroid injection in addition to macular laser grid photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema: a systematic review.  Acta Ophthalmol. 2010;  88 389-393
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 65 Mirshahi A, Shenazandi H, Lashay A et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone as an adjunct to standard laser therapy in coexisting high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant macular edema.  Retina. 2010;  30 254-259
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 66 Spitzer M S, Ziemssen F, Yoruk E et al. Preservative-Free Triamcinolone versus Purified Triamcinolone Preparations.  Klein Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2010;  E-Pub
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 67 Chew E, Strauber S, Beck R et al. Randomized trial of peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide with and without focal photocoagulation for mild diabetic macular edema: a pilot study.  Ophthalmology. 2007;  114 1190-1196
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 68 Martidis A, Duker J S, Greenberg P B et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema.  Ophthalmology. 2002;  109 920-927
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 69 Sutter F K, Simpson J M, Gillies M C. Intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema that persists after laser treatment: three-month efficacy and safety results of a prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial.  Ophthalmology. 2004;  111 2044-2049
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 70 Lam D S, Chan C K, Mohamed S et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone plus sequential grid laser versus triamcinolone or laser alone for treating diabetic macular edema: six-month outcomes.  Ophthalmology. 2007;  114 2162-2167
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 71 Batioglu F, Ozmert E, Parmak N et al. Two-year results of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.  Int Ophthalmol. 2007;  27 299-306
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 72 Gillies M C, Sutter F K, Simpson J M et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: two-year results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.  Ophthalmology. 2006;  113 1533-1538
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 73 Park H Y, Yi K, Kim H K. Intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection.  Korean J Ophthalmol. 2005;  19 122-127
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 74 Audren F, Lecleire-Collet A, Erginay A et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema: phase 2 trial comparing 4 mg vs. 2 mg.  Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;  142 794-799
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 75 Taban M, Singh R P, Chung J Y et al. Sterile endophthalmitis after intravitreal triamcinolone: a possible association with uveitis.  Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;  144 50-54
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 76 Hsu J. Drug delivery methods for posterior segment disease.  Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;  18 235-239
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 77 Pearson P, Levy B, Cornstock T. Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant to treat diabetic macular edema: 3-year results of a multicenter clinical trial.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;  47: E-Abstract 5442
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 78 Liu Y, Ke Q, Chen J et al. Sustained mechanical release of dexamethasone sodium phosphate from a foldable capsular vitreous body.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;  51 1636-1642
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 79 Schwartz S G, Flynn Jr H W. Fluocinolone Acetonide Implantable Device for Diabetic Retinopathy.  Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2011;  12 347-351
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 80 Croxtall J D, Hal P T, Choudhury van Q et al. Different glucocorticoids vary in their genomic and non-genomic mechanism of action in A 549 cells.  Br J Pharmacol. 2002;  135 511-519
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 81 Yeung C K, Chan K P, Chan C K et al. Cytotoxicity of triamcinolone on cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells: comparison with dexamethasone and hydrocortisone.  Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2004;  48 236-242
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 82 Kuppermann B D, Blumenkranz M S, Haller J A et al. Randomized controlled study of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edema.  Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;  125 309-317
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 83 Haller J A, Kuppermann B D, Blumenkranz M S et al. Randomized controlled trial of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with diabetic macular edema.  Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;  128 289-296
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 84 Blumenkranz M S, Haller J A, Kuppermann B D et al. Correlation of visual acuity and macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography in patients with persistent macular edema.  Retina. 2010;  30 1090-1094
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 85 Boyer D S, Faber D, Gupta V. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of diabetic macular edema in vitrectomized patients.  Retina. 2010;  in press.
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 86 Lin J EC, Burke J A, Peng Q. Pharmacokinetics of a sustained release dexamethasone intravitreal implant in vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;  In Press
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 87 Haller J A, Qin H, Apte R S et al. Vitrectomy outcomes in eyes with diabetic macular edema and vitreomacular traction.  Ophthalmology. 2010;  117 1087-1093
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 88 Kumagai K, Furukawa M, Ogino N et al. Long-term follow-up of vitrectomy for diffuse nontractional diabetic macular edema.  Retina. 2009;  29 464-472
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 89 Patel J I, Hykin P G, Schadt M et al. Pars plana vitrectomy with and without peeling of the inner limiting membrane for diabetic macular edema.  Retina. 2006;  26 5-13
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 90 Flaxel C J, Edwards A R, Aiello L P et al. Factors associated with visual acuity outcomes after vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema: diabetic retinopathy clinical research network.  Retina. 2010;  30 1488-1495
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 91 Yamamoto T, Takeuchi S, Sato Y et al. Long-term follow-up results of pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema.  Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2007;  51 285-291
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 92 Navarro A, Pournaras J A, Hoffart L et al. Vitrectomy may prevent the occurrence of diabetic macular oedema.  Acta Ophthalmol. 2010;  88 483-485
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 93 Park J H, Woo S J, Ha Y J et al. Effect of vitrectomy on macular microcirculation in patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema.  Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;  247 1009-1017
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 94 Laidlaw D A. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular oedema.  Eye. 2008;  22 1337-1341
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 95 Dolgin E. In vision trial, some researchers would rather see double.  Nat Med. 2010;  16 611
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 96 Lee C M, Olk R J. Modified grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Long-term visual results.  Ophthalmology. 1991;  98 1594-1602
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 97 Funatsu H, Noma H, Mimura T et al. Association of vitreous inflammatory factors with diabetic macular edema.  Ophthalmology. 2009;  116 73-79
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 98 Baskin D E. Optical coherence tomography in diabetic macular edema.  Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;  21 172-177
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 99 Virgili G, Menchini F, Dimastrogiovanni A F et al. Optical coherence tomography versus stereoscopic fundus photography or biomicroscopy for diagnosing diabetic macular edema: a systematic review.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;  48 4963-4973
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 100 Browning D J, McOwen M D, Bowen Jr R M et al. Comparison of the clinical diagnosis of diabetic macular edema with diagnosis by optical coherence tomography.  Ophthalmology. 2004;  111 712-715
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 101 Michaelides M, Fraser-Bell S, Hamilton R et al. Macular perfusion determined by fundus fluorescein angiography at the 4-month time point in a prospective randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy in the management of diabetic macular edema (Bolt Study): Report 1.  Retina. 2010;  30 781-786
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 102 Chung E J, Roh M I, Kwon O W et al. Effects of macular ischemia on the outcome of intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for diabetic macular edema.  Retina. 2008;  28 957-963
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 103 Empfehlung der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, der Retinologischen Gesellschaft und des Berufsverbandes der Augenärzte Deutschlands für die Durchführung von intravitrealen Injektionen (IVI). 2007 http://www.dog.org/publikationen
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 104 Scott I U, Edwards A R, Beck R W et al. A phase II randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema.  Ophthalmology. 2007;  114 1860-1867
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 105 Dehghan M H, Ahmadieh H, Ramezani A et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema.  Int Ophthalmol. 2008;  28 7-17
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 106 Bressler N M, Edwards A R, Beck R W et al. Exploratory analysis of diabetic retinopathy progression through 3 years in a randomized clinical trial that compares intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide with focal/grid photocoagulation.  Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;  127 1566-1571
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 107 Gillies M C, Simpson J M, Gaston C et al. Five-year results of a randomized trial with open-label extension of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diabetic macular edema.  Ophthalmology. 2009;  116 2182-2187
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 108 Jaffe G J, Martin D, Callanan D et al. Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study.  Ophthalmology. 2006;  113 1020-1027
    Suche in Google Scholar