Keywords
vanomycin - seroma - lumbar fusion
Introduction
A sterile seroma may be the result of antibodies against collagen or a hyperresponder/allergic
reaction.[1] With seroma formation, severe compression can occur on the thecal sac causing spinal
stenosis resulting in weakness and pain. Intraoperatively cell death and vascular
permeability can occur along with an inflammatory reaction that can lead to fluid
accumulation. With studies linking usage of local vancomycin powder to lower rates
of surgical site infection,[2] its application has become more routine in complex cases since 2012. The local delivery
of vancomycin powder provides high local concentration of the antibiotics with limited
systemic toxicity making it a popular form of reducing infection rates.[3] The efficacy of prophylactic vancomycin powder is still a topic of focus with studies
on postoperative infection rates showing varied results and little concentration on
possible adverse effects.[2]
[3]
[4]
[5] Its prevention or correlation to noninfectious surgical complications however has
not yet been established.
Case Report
A 59-year-old female patient with a height of 5′6ʺ and body mass index (BMI) of 27.1.
The initial symptoms included lower back pain with bilateral leg pain, neurogenic
claudication, as well as weakness in her right lower extremity (L3–L5 distribution).
Previous X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed degenerative scoliosis
of the lumbar spine, grade 1 hypermobile anterolisthesis of L5 on S1, severe disc
collapse at L5–S1, vacuum disc phenomenon at L2–L3, focal retrolisthesis at L2–L3,
spondylosis from L2–S1, and severe spinal stenosis from L2–S1. Nonoperative efforts
were exhausted primarily, followed by the recommendation for surgical intervention.
The preoperative diagnosis was lumbar spondylosis at L1–S1, stenosis with neurogenic
claudication, bilateral radicular features and neurologic deficit from L2 to S1, degenerative
scoliosis from L1 to S1, and type 1, grade 1 spondylolisthesis from L5 to S1. Preoperative
X-ray and MRI images are shown in [Figs. 1 ] to [ 4]. The confounding variables considered include age, levels operated on, estimated
blood loss, drain usage, and BMI shown in [Table 1].
Table 1
Confounding variables taken into consideration, with values representing initial surgery
|
Age (y)
|
59
|
|
BMI
|
27.1
|
|
Smoker
|
Previous smoker
|
|
rhBMP-2 usage, mg
|
0
|
|
Estimated blood loss, mL
|
800
|
|
Vancomycin powder, g
|
1
|
|
Drain usage
|
2 Closed Wound Suction Kits (C. R. Bard, Covington, Georgia, United States)
|
|
Levels operated on
|
5 (L1-S1)
|
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; rhBMP-2, recombinant human bone morphogenetic
protein.
Fig. 1 Preoperative X-ray image of coronal plane.
Fig. 2 Preoperative lateral X-ray image.
Fig. 3 Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging of sagittal plane.
Fig. 4 Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging of transverse plane.
An Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF; NuVasive, San Diego, California, United
States) procedure was performed at L1–L5 with application of PEEK implants (CoRoent,
NuVasive) and packed with allograft bone (Osteocel Plus, NuVasive) at each level.
This was followed by a same day decompressive laminectomy with bilateral complete
facetectomies and foraminotomies from L2 to L5. Posterior spinal fusion was completed
from L1 to S1 with posterior segmental pedicle screw instrumentation and autogenous
bone graft placed from L2 to S1. A transforaminal interbody fusion was performed at
L5–S1 with application of a ceramic interbody implant (Valeo TL Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Device, Amedica Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States) that was also packed
with allograft bone. Morselized autogenous local bone graft, obtained from the lamina
and spinous processes, were combined with 1 g of vancomycin powder was evenly distributed
along the posterolateral gutters from L1 to S1 serving as the posterior arthrodesis.
An additional gram of vancomycin was placed along the soft tissues and paraspinous
musculature, and attention was then drawn to wound closure. Before closure, two Hemovac
drains were brought through a separate incision in an attempt to reduce hematoma formation.
There were no complications intraoperatively.
At her 2-week routine postoperative visit, the patient presented with improved leg
pain, expected postoperative back pain, and some approach-related hip flexion pain.
X-rays were taken at this time ([Fig. 5]). At 6 weeks postoperatively, the patient presented with a 2-day history of sustaining
a fall after missing a chair while attempting to sit down, progressive and increasing
back pain, as well as left-sided leg weakness with associated foot drop, difficulty
standing, and ambulating. X-rays were repeated at this visit ([Figs. 6] and [7]), and an emergent MRI was performed based on the clinical findings and neurologic
deficit ([Figs. 8] and [9]). An L2–S1 epidural fluid collection was identified on the MRI, causing severe neural
compression. In addition, a displaced sacral fracture from S1 to S2 just below the
disc space shown in the sagittal plane was diagnosed ([Fig. 8]). Emergent surgery was recommended and performed to address the compressive fluid
collection and the fracture.
Fig. 5 A 2.5-week lateral X-ray image.
Fig. 6 A 6-week scoliosis anteroposterior image.
Fig. 7 A 6-week lateral X-ray image.
Fig. 8 A 6-week magnetic resonance imaging of sagittal plane.
Fig. 9 A 6-week magnetic resonance imaging of transverse plane.
The differential diagnosis for this patient's second surgery included possible cerebrospinal
fluid leak (CSF) leak, infection, or seroma/hematoma, as well as the displaced S1–S2
sacral fracture. The surgery that followed included: incision and drainage of both
the superficial and deep liquefied seroma, posterior instrumentation from L4 to the
ilium, and bilateral iliac screws and rod connectors ([Figs. 10]
[11]
[12]
[13]). Samples of the extracted fluid were sent to a laboratory for culture and sensitivity
and β-2 transferrin analysis, in which there were no findings of CSF or infection.
Aerobic and anaerobic gram cultures showed no growth after 7 days, and no organisms
were observed in the fluid. A β-2 transferrin test was performed showing no detection
of CSF fluid. There were no complications intraoperatively.
Fig. 10 A 2.5-week lateral X-ray image post emergent surgery.
Fig. 11 A 2.5-week X-ray image post emergent surgery of coronal plane.
Fig. 12 A 6-month scoliosis anteroposterior image.
Fig. 13 A 6-month lateral X-ray image.
Four weeks postrevision surgery, a reaccumulation of serosanguineous fluid requiring
aspiration was observed. This was observed clinically without any other signs or symptoms
of wound infection or progressive neurologic deficit. In fact, the patient continued
to improve neurologically, ambulated without back or leg pain, and remained afebrile.
The patient had routine laboratories performed with normal complete blood count values
and erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 25 mm/h. The results were all reasonable levels,
and presented no unusual findings. This accumulation of fluid required aspiration
a total of eight additional times within 3 months of the revision surgery. Following
each of multiple aspirations, the fluid was cultured and sent to microbiology yielding
the same results showing no infection. Initially, a total of 60 mL of fluid was aspirated.
This decreased during each aspiration to a final amount of 10 mL at the last aspiration.
The spacing between the times of drainage was initially every week, slowly increasing
in time to drainage every 2 to 3 weeks.
Discussion
Despite the sterility of the seroma formed, its persistency can cause significant
complications and pain for the patient due to pressure being exerted onto the thecal
sac. It is thought that seroma formation may be due to a local inflammatory response,
or the presence of foreign bodies; however, the exact causation of its formation is
unknown.[3] The recurrent nature of the sterile seroma formed is an unusual case and has become
a complication requiring consistent management.
In the results of an analysis of more than 14,000 patients, it was shown that risk
factors of epidural hematoma formation include anemia (< 10 g/dL), an age of older
than 60, excessive blood loss (> 1 L), or more than five operative levels.[6] Research indicates no direct correlation between hematoma formation and lack of
subfascial drains, tobacco usage, or usage of well-controlled anticoagulation.[6] For this patient, the only possible confounding risk factor was the number of levels
operated on. The current usage of closed-suction drains is a common technique used
to remove excess fluid from around the incision site; however, the effectiveness of
the closed-suction drain in high-risk surgeries is undetermined and most studies suggest
no correlation to lower seroma or hematoma formation.[6]
[7]
In addition, there have been multiple studies correlating the usage of recombinant
human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-2 with the formation of a postoperative sterile
seroma.[3]
[8] It has been hypothesized that rhBMP-2 correlates with a higher rate of seroma formation
due to the propensity for rhBMP-2 to cause inflammation. Repeat usage of rhBMP-2 has
also been associated with seroma formation, which suggested a relationship to antibody
formation.[3] This patient, however, received no rhBMP-2 to facilitate fusion. With few confounding
variables to account for ([Table 1]), the causation of the recurring sterile seroma is still irresolute.
One possible factor to consider is an acute allergic reaction to the prophylactic
vancomycin powder. Intravenous application of vancomycin has had a history of causing
hypersensitivity reactions including red man syndrome and anaphylaxis.[9] Studies have also described that a percentage of the population may be prone to
releasing a large amount of histamine in response of vancomycin.[9] Intravenous vancomycin has been shown to degranulate cutaneous mast cells and cause
an area of flare in patients,[9] which leads to questions of whether or not the topical vancomycin can cause an inflammatory
reaction as well.
Visceral reactions that have been linked to the intravenous application of vancomycin
include pseudarthrosis as well as occasional systemic reactions like nephrotoxicity.[4] It was reported that the likelihood of systemic adverse effects is limited from
2 g of vancomycin since very low serum levels of the antibiotics have been measured
in patients.[4] Pseudarthrosis is a possible complication of the prophylactic powder since high
concentrations of antibiotics are cytotoxic to cells; however, studies have shown
no significant increase in the rate of pseudarthrosis in patients receiving vancomycin
powder.[3]
[4]
[5] Moreover, there is a lack of peer-reviewed studies addressing the adequate dosage
of vancomycin powder to be placed within the wound leading to a discrepancy in determining
appropriate dosage of the prophylactic powder. With the limitation of this study being
a case study with sample size of one and lack of previous studies on this topic, analysis
of a larger population on sterile seroma/hematoma formation with correlation to prophylactic
vancomycin powder is warranted.
Editorial Perspective
EBSJ welcomes this perplexing case report by Dr. Youssef and colleagues and the ensuing
balanced commentary by Drs. Parker and Devin to foster further discussion on intraoperative
topical vancomycin powder administration to reduce surgical site infections in spine
care. The current evidence level does favor its administration in more invasive posterior
surgeries, however, with some degree of uncertainty remaining. One useful application
for case reports can lie in serving as an early warning report system for complications
when more novel surgical technologies are being used, especially if complications
are unusual in nature. In this case, as presented, EBSJ agrees with the commentators that it is premature to conclude that this patient suffered
her recurrent seroma formation as a result of topical vancomycin powder formation.
However, by presenting this case, hopefully EBSJ readers will place greater scrutiny on the indications and results of patients who
have received topical vancomycin powder.
Commentary on: “Sterile Seroma Resulting from Multilevel XLIF Procedure as Possible
Adverse Effect of Prophylactic Vancomycin Powder: A Case Report”
