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Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2015; 83(02): 83-90
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1398935
Übersicht
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Pharmakologisches Neuroenhancement aus Sicht der Suchtmedizin

Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement from a Perspective of Misuse and Addiction
A. G. Franke
1   Fachbereich Soziale Arbeit, Bildung und Erziehung, Hochschule Neubrandenburg (University of Applied Sciences), Neubrandenburg
,
M. Soyka
2   Privatklinik Meiringen
3   Psychiatrische Klinik, Universität München
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

17 December 2014

15 January 2015

Publication Date:
27 February 2015 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Pharmakologisches „Cognitive Enhancement“ (CE) oder auch „pharmakologisches Neuroenhancement“ (PN) beschreibt die Einnahme diverser Substanzen durch Gesunde mit dem Ziel, die eigene geistige Leistungsfähigkeit vor allem bezüglich Vigilanz, Aufmerksamkeit, Konzentration, Gedächtnis und Motivation zu verbessern. Die eingenommenen Substanzen lassen sich in Stimulanzien (Methylxanthintyp wie Koffein, Amphetamintyp wie Methylphenidat, Amphetamine und Modafinil) und Nicht-Stimulanzien (verschreibungspflichtige Medikamente wie Antidementiva, Antidepressiva und frei verkäufliche Präparate wie Phytopharmaka, z. B. Ginkgo biloba) unterteilen. Die Einnahmeprävalenzen weisen je nach Studie und Substanz große Unterschiede auf und liegen zwischen 1 % Lebenszeitprävalenz und 20 % Ein-Jahres-Prävalenz. Das Missbrauchs- und Abhängigkeitsrisiko ist sehr unterschiedlich und scheint bei Nicht-Stimulanzien zu vernachlässigen zu sein, während es bei Stimulanzien vom Methylxanthintyp, v. a. aber vom Amphetamintyp nicht zu unterschätzen ist. Diese Übersichtsarbeit stellt die o. g. Substanzen mit ihren größtenteils auf einfache kognitive Teilleistungen begrenzten klinischen Effekten sowie suchtmedizinische Aspekte der zum PN eingesetzten Substanzen dar.

Abstract

Pharmacological “cognitive enhancement” (CE) and “pharmacological neuroenhancement” (PN) are different terms to describe the use of diverse substances by healthy individuals aiming at an increase of individual cognitive skills. Targets of CE are an increase of vigilance, attention, concentration, memory and motivation. Substances used for pharmacological CE can be divided into two categories: stimulants and non-stimulants. The sub-group of methylxanthines like caffeine as well as the sub-group of amphetamines like prescription and illicit amphetamine as well as methylphenidate and modafinil belongs to the group of stimulants; antidementives, antidepressants, phytopharmaceutical products like Ginkgo biloba etc. belong to the group of non-stimulants. Prevalence rates depend on the (type of) study and (group of) substances used for CE. And they range from a 1 % lifetime prevalence rate up to 20 % one-year prevalence rate. This review presents stimulant and non-stimulant substances, their limited clinical effects on cognitive skills as well as their prevalence rates and the aspect of misuse and addiction of the above-mentioned substances which belongs to their respective category.

Schlüsselwörter

Pharmakologisches Neuroenhancement - Suchtmedizin - Stimulanzien - Missbrauch - Abhängigkeit

Key words

cognitive enhancement - substance misuse/addiction - stimulants - misuse - addiction
 

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