Körperliche Aktivität fördert Gehirngesundheit und -leistungsfähigkeit^[*]

Zusammenfassung

Die heutigen bildgebenden und biochemischen Möglichkeiten erlauben Einblicke in hämodynamische und metabolische Reaktionen des menschlichen Gehirns bei dosierter Arbeit sowie vor und nach körperlichem Training. Dieses neue interdisziplinäre Forschungsgebiet nennen wir »Bewegungs-Neurowissenschaft«. Körperliche Aktivität beeinflusst offenbar positiv kognitive Gehirnfunktionen und altersbedingte Rückbildungserscheinungen. Dabei dürfte die zusätzliche regionale Gehirndurchblutung in Verbindung mit dynamischer Arbeit eine vermehrte Produktion von Nervenwachstumsfaktoren auslösen (brain derived neurotrophic factor = BDNF, IGF-1, u.a.). Hierdurch wird körperliche Bewegung zu einem stimulativen Faktor für Synapsen- und Spinebildung sowie für die Neurogenese. Veränderungen im metabolischen Geschehen des menschlichen Gehirns bei dosierter körperlicher Arbeit spielen hierbei ebenso eine Rolle wie endogene opioide Peptide, der Aminosäurentransport an der Blut-Hirn-Schranke und Neurotransmitterbeeinflussungen. Körperliche Bewegung mobilisiert auch Genexpressionen mit Auswirkungen auf die Gehirnplastizität. Es wird daher aus gesundheitlichen und leistungsbezogenen Gründen Beanspruchung auf allgemeine aerobe dynamische Ausdauer sowie auf Koordination für Gehirnstrukturen, Gehirnleistungsfähigkeit und Gehirngesundheit ebenso empfohlen, wie es seit Jahrzehnten für das kardio-pulmonal-metabolische System geschieht.

Summary

Modern visual and biochemical methods enable an insight into the brain hemodynamic and metabolic responses during acute physical work as well as before and after chronic exercise training. We call this new interdisciplinary area “Exercise-Neuroscience”. Obviously, physical activity has a positive influence on cognitive brain functions and age-related degeneration processes. In this context, increased regional cerebral blood flow during dynamic work probably induces an increase in production of nerve growth factors (brain derived neurotrophic factor = BDNF, IGF-1, etc.). Thus, physical exercise is a stimulus for the formation of synapses and spines as well as for neurogenesis. Metabolic changes in the human brain during physical work play a key role in these processes just like alterations in endogenous peptides, amino acid transport through the blood-brain barrier and affected neurotransmitters. Exercise also induces gene expression, thereby affecting brain plasticity. Consequently, in order to attain a better quality of health and performance capacity it could be recommended the engagement in general aerobic dynamic endurance and coordination exercise training. It can be suggested that this can improve brain structure, brain performance capacity, and brain health – just like it has been documented for the cardio-pulmonary-metabolic system many decades ago.

Schlüsselwörter

Körperliche Aktivität - Gehirngesundheit und -leistungsfähigkeit

Keywords

Physical activity - brain health and performance

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