Keywords
middle ear - traditional tympanometry - wideband tympanometry
Introduction
Tympanometry is a test for evaluation of the conductivity of the middle ear. It assesses how efficiently
the middle ear is transferring acoustic energy from the external auditory meatus to
the inner ear. Different middle ear pathologies alter this function in diverse ways
that are usually unique for the different middle ear pathologies. Tympanometry test
can document how this function of transferring energy is altered and is hence used
to diagnose the nature of the different middle ear disorders.
In tympanometry, a sound is presented to the external auditory meatus that strikes
the eardrum and part of it gets reflected back into the external auditory meatus and
part of it passes through the middle ear to the inner ear. The magnitude of the acoustic
energy (sound) reflected off the eardrum into the external meatus (which can be recorded
by a miniature very sensitive mic in the external meatus) depends on the stiffness
of the middle ear; the more the stiffness, the more is the sound that is reflected
back and the lesser is the sound transmitted through the middle ear to the inner ear.
This stiffness of the middle ear can be mechanically varied by changing the air pressure
in the external auditory meatus. The stiffness is least; that is, the middle ear is
most compliant when the air pressure in the external auditory meatus is equal to that
of the middle ear space. The best transfer of acoustic energy from the external to
the inner ear takes place when this happens i.e., when the pressure in the middle
ear space and that in the external auditory meatus is the same.
In tympanometry test, while the sound is presented to the ear, the air pressure of
the external meatus is continually changed by an air pump, which, in turn, changes
the stiffness of the middle ear. The actual stiffness, and hence the magnitude of
the reflected sound, is dependent on the pathology in the middle ear and changes in
different middle ear disorders. In different middle ear pathologies, this change in
stiffness as a function of the change of air pressure varies uniquely. Hence, the
acoustic energy reflected back from the eardrum in different grades of stiffness varies
differently in different middle ear pathologies, and so by plotting the stiffness
(or its opposite, i.e., the compliance or ease of transfer of acoustic energy) as
a function of the changing air pressure, a graph is obtained, which is called the
tympanogram. The tympanogram is different in different middle ear pathologies, and so it is used
to diagnose different middle ear pathologies.
Traditional Tympanometry
Traditional tympanometry test is done at one particular frequency, usually 226 Hz
(and uncommonly at 678, 800, and 1,000 Hz for special requirements). At 226 Hz, the
middle ear is stiffness dominated, and changes in stiffness of the middle ear is best
ascertained with a 226-Hz tone as most sounds of this particular frequency are reflected
back without absorption when the middle ear is made most stiff (i.e., entire sound
presented to the eardrum is reflected back into the external auditory meatus) with
an external meatus pressure of +200 daPa. Hence only at 226 Hz, compliance and admittance
have a 1:1 relationship. Therefore, tympanometry with a 226-Hz sound detects problems
with the tympanic membrane and middle ear (tympanum) most easily, most simply, and
with least complications. Traditional tympanometry evaluates the impedance or stiffness
of the middle ear apparatus by calculating the energy that is reflected from the eardrum
when a single pure tone sound (which is the probe tone frequency of 226 Hz) impinges
on it. The stiffer the middle ear, the more is the sound that is reflected off the
eardrum, and by measuring the energy reflected off the eardrum, the impedance audiometer
ascertains the stiffness of the middle ear. The sound absorbed by the middle ear and
transmitted to the inner ear is not measured and documented in traditional tympanometry.
Traditional tympanometry has some shortcomings; for example, it does not tell us accurately
whether there is some fluid in a type C tympanogram. A type “C” tympanogram implies
that there is no fluid in the middle ear though there is a negative middle ear pressure
due to tubal dysfunction/blockage. However, it is a common clinical experience that
in many such cases with a type “C” tympanogram, there is a persistent heaviness in
the ear and myringotomy in such a patient yields fluid that is not expected in a type
“C” tympanogram, thereby belying the tympanometric finding. In persons with a perforation
in the eardrum, no idea of the middle ear status is possible with traditional tympanometry;
all that one gets is a flat tympanogram and there is no way to know whether the middle
ear is otherwise normal or not. Sometimes there are artifacts or noise in the tympanogram
especially in children, and repeating the tympanogram does not reduce the artifacts
or noise. The 226-Hz tone at which tympanometry is usually done is a poor predictor
of middle ear effusions in babies and will be wrong in approximately 50% of cases
(Liu et al 2014) whereas tympanogram with a 1000-Hz tone is better in such cases but
not perfect (Baldwin 2006). Therefore, there are a lot of limitations in traditional
single-frequency reflectance tympanometry.
Wideband Tympanometry
An improvement on traditional/conventional tympanometry is the wideband tympanometry (WBT) that uses a wideband click stimulus (226–8,000 Hz) and not a single-frequency
or pure-tone sound as the sound stimulus. WBT measures the middle ear’s efficiency
of sound transmission through the middle ear at multiple frequencies (instead of a
single frequency) and hence evaluates middle ear function more completely. Different
middle ear pathologies affect the transmission of sounds of different frequencies
thorough the middle ear differently. Consequently, WBT overcomes many of the shortcomings
and limitations of traditional single-frequency tympanometry.
Moreover, WBT measures not only the sound that is reflected off the eardrum (reflectance)
as in traditional tympanometry but also the sound that passes into the middle ear
across the eardrum (i.e., the sound that is absorbed by the middle ear called “absorbance”),
and hence yields a lot more information about the middle ear conductive mechanism
and its disorders. The impact of different middle ear pathologies on both reflectance
and absorbance differs at multiple frequencies, and WBT allows us the advantage of
documenting this difference very precisely. It is hence is a sharper diagnostic tool
than traditional tympanometry. Just testing reflectance with a single frequency only,
as is done in traditional tympanometry, does not yield all information about the functioning
of the middle ear in different middle ear diseases. The plethora of data available
about conductance or absorbance from WBT helps in the detection of middle ear problems
with a much higher degree of accuracy than conventional tympanometry. WBT allows comprehensive
analysis of middle ear status over a frequency range that includes the full speech
spectrum from 226 to 8,000 Hz or more.
In essence, the difference between traditional and wideband tympanometry is (1) the
stimulus and (2) the additional measurement of absorbance data. With WBT, a click
is used that covers a frequency range from roughly 226 Hz up to (and if wanted even
beyond) 8,000 Hz. The time taken is the same as a traditional tympanometry test. WBT
provides not only the same information as traditional tympanometry, that is, admittance,
but also new information, that is, absorbance, and this it does at all perceivable
frequencies across the speech spectrum. The middle ear is hence evaluated in much
more detail,
The WBT output absorbance data are a three-dimensional (3D) graph ([Fig. 1]) that factor in three variables or parameters, namely the middle ear pressure from
+200 to −600 daPa, the frequency from 200 to 8,000 Hz or more, and the absorbance
in percentage.
Fig. 1Wide band tympanometry absorbance graph where the absorbance is plotted as a function
of the middle ear pressure (+200 to −600 daPa) as well as the frequency (250–8,000
Hz).
However, from this 3D graph, different types of two-dimensional (2D) graphs can be
extracted. The software is capable of generating the normal traditional 2D single-frequency
tympanogram with pressure and compliance at 226 Hz ([Fig. 2]) or at any other desired frequency such as 687 Hz, 1,000 Hz ([Fig. 3]), etc. It can also generate a 2D averaged wide band tympanogram ([Fig. 4]) with absorbance or compliance (y-axis) as a function of the pressure in daPa (x-axis),
which is very useful in different middle ear disorders. It can also provide absorbance
data as a 2D absorbance graphs at any desired pressure like at atmospheric or middle
ear pressure. All these different outputs have clinically relevant diagnostic implications
that are not available with traditional tympanometry. Wide band averaged tympanograms
(by default 800–2,000 Hz in children and 375–2,000 Hz in adults) are much better detectors
of middle ear effusions and are not contaminated by noise unlike the traditional tympanograms.
Therefore, the scope of WBT is much wider than that of traditional tympanometry.
Fig. 2 The 226-Hz tympanogram—diagrammatic representation.
Fig. 3 The 1,000-Hz tympanogram—diagrammatic representation.
Fig. 4 Wideband averaged tympanogram.
Individual, i.e., separate 2D graphs may be extracted from the WBT as in [Figs. 2], [3], [4], [5], [6], and [7].
Fig. 5 Noisy 1000-Hz traditional tympanogram with lots of artifacts.
Fig. 6 (A) Diagrammatic representation of a 2D absorbance graph. (B) Diagrammatic representation of a 2D absorbance graph in a patient who has a type
C tympanogram in traditional tympanometry.
Fig. 7 Wide band tympanogram absorbance graph in two-dimensional with the absorbance in
percentage in the y-axis and the frequency from 250 to 8,000 Hz in the x-axis.
The superiority of WBT over traditional tympanometry are manifold:
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With WBT providing much more stable and robust recordings in children and in less
cooperative patients, this is a definite advantage of it. In many patients, a very
noisy graph and artifacts ([Fig. 5]) are obtained, which are very stubborn and repeatedly testing does not improve the
recording quality. In such patients, a wide band averaged tympanogram is a big help,
and a noise-free stable clear recording of the tympanogram is obtained. Because of
the averaging, the noise has almost no impact on the WBT.
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Type “C” traditional tympanogram is interpreted as a eustachian tube–blocked negative
middle ear pressure, air-filled tympanum without any fluid (as compliance is normal)
in the middle ear. However, often there is a persistent heaviness in many such ears
and many of such patients are subjected to a myringotomy that surprisingly reveals
fluid and contradicts the tympanometric findings. This indicates that many patients
with type C tympanogram have partially fluid-filled middle ears that cannot be diagnosed
by traditional tympanometry. WBT is a big help in all such patients. WBT absorbance
graph will show that at a particular range of frequencies, the absorbance is very
low ([Fig. 6]B), but at another range of frequencies the absorbance is normal; this nearly flat
absorbance graph with very little or low absorbance over a range of frequencies is
an indication that there must be some fluid in the middle ear, and hence a myringotomy
is warranted. The traditional tympanogram done at a single frequency will not show
this very low compliance over a particular range of frequencies, and it will show
normal or near-normal compliance, because at another frequency range, the compliance
is normal. However, if in the WBT test the compliance is normal ([Fig. 6]B) in all frequency ranges, it would indicate that there is no fluid in the tympanum.
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Wide band tympanometry allows the clinician to assess the middle ear condition even
if there is a perforation in the eardrum or if there is a patent grommet in the eardrum;
this is not possible with traditional tympanometry. If the middle ear function is
normal, WBT absorbance graph will show a tracing that more or less tallies with the
normative data with a peak usually below or around 1,000 Hz, maybe at other places
also, but there will be a peak somewhere in the frequency range (200–8,000 Hz) with
a close match to the normative data. However, if the middle ear is moist or abnormal
in other ways, the absorbance graph will be more or less flat and not tally with the
normative graph.
Information Derived from Wideband Tympanometry at the Press of a Button
Information Derived from Wideband Tympanometry at the Press of a Button
Ease of operation is as good as the traditional tympanometry, and though a huge lot
of information about the functionality of the middle ear can be extracted from WBT,
there is nothing extra that the operator has to perform while carrying out the test.
The operator just has to ensure an air-tight seal and press a single button for the
complete test to be done in a few seconds. WBT system offers three different types
of outputs, namely (1) 3D WBT view ([Fig. 1]), (2) traditional 2D tympanogram at any selected frequency ([Figs. 2], [3]), and (3) 2D absorbance graph ([Fig. 4]). Admittance tympanograms are available for probe tone frequencies 226 Hz, 678 Hz,
800 Hz, and1,000 Hz. There is an option to break down the Y-component of the traditional
tympanogram and see the susceptance (B) and conductance (G) components also. In the
tympanogram tab, there is also the option of viewing and printing the wide band averaged
tympanogram for adults from 375 to 2,000 Hz and in infants from 800 to 2,000 Hz that
is a much better and more accurate detector of middle ear pathology as compared with
the traditional tympanogram. In the 2D WBT tab, there is also an option of knowing
the resonant frequency of the middle ear that is the frequency at which most energy
passes through the middle ear. There are different tabs in the screen, and the operator
just has to select the output desired.
The beauty of the WBT is the absorbance graph ([Figs. 6], [7]) in which the x-axis shows the frequency and the y-axis shows the absorbance, that
is, the acoustic energy passing through the middle ear. There is a gray area in the
graph, which is the normative range, and the line graph is the absorbance plotted
as a function of the frequency. This absorbance graph gives a lot of new information
as explained above, but in addition, it has a typical configuration for different
diseases and in different stages of the same disease like in otosclerosis([Fig. 8]). This is a great help in diagnosis.
Fig. 8 Examples of the WBT absorbance graph, which have a dif ferent configuration in dif
ferent diseases. Due to this, diagnosis of the nature of the middle ear pathology
is a lot easier ahe clind allows a greater confidence to clinician than traditional
tympanometry.
Advantages of Wideband Tympanometry
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Multiple evaluations of the middle ear status and function from a single test each
of which has its own and unique diagnostic value.
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The wide band averaged tympanogram that is the composite picture of the middle ear
conductance function over a wide range of frequencies is a much more sensitive and
accurate test of middle ear function as compared with traditional single-frequency
tympanometry.
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There is much less of artifacts and a clearer and cleaner tympanogram recording that
is free from noise and artifacts by the averaged WBT. Hence decision making is easier
and ambiguity is much lesser.
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WBT is a much better and more accurate diagnostic tool for detecting fluid in the
middle ear not only in children but also in adults. This is especially useful in type
C tympanograms where the presence of fluid is often missed by the traditional tympanometry.
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In adults also, diseases such as superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) and
ossicular discontinuity are much more confirmatively diagnosed by WBT as the absorbance
graphs are very typical of these diseases. In SSCD there is increased absorbance of
around 1,000 Hz, which is evident as a peak at around 1,000 Hz in the absorbance graph.
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Evaluation of the middle ear condition in ears with a perforation or a patent grommet
is much better with WBT; this is not possible with traditional tympanometry.
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The progress of disorders such as otosclerosis can be monitored by the absorbance
WBT test.
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There is also an option of doing an absorbance tympanometry at atmospheric pressure
without changing the middle ear pressure. This facility can be used for monitoring
middle ear function immediately after middle ear surgery when pressure changes are
contraindicated.
Everything taken together, WBT is a boon to the clinical otologist, and clinicians
practicing in otology should imbibe this new modality for better diagnosis and more
accurate evaluation of middle ear function. The benefits of this new system of tympanometry
will be realized and the test will be popularized only if practicing otologists order
this test for their patients with suspected middle ear disorders.
The authors use the interacoustics Titan WBT in their Vertigo and Deafness Clinic
in Kolkata and are amused with the diagnostic possibilities of this new tool([Fig. 9]). If we are allowed to quote from the Skoda ad the WBT is “simply clever.” Most
limitations of traditional tympanometry can be overcome with this new innovation in
tympanometry. Absorbance graphs add a new dimension to tympanometry and are a great
diagnostic help. However, because the absorbance measurement is a new modality, more
research and extensive use are necessary to realize its full diagnostic potentials.
Fig. 9 Wide band tympanometry test done in the Interacoustics wide band tympanometer in
the authors’ clinic. The patient is a 13-year-old boy who presented with tubo-tympanic
catarrh bilaterally. The test is after a course of steroids. The top graphs are the
2D absorbance graphs, in the middle are the traditional tympanograms at 226 Hz and
1000 Hz, and at the bottom is the 3D composite graph.
