Diffuse Leiomyomatosis: Complete Myomectomy for Innumerable Small Nodules to Achieve Fertility Sparing and Childbearing

Abstract

Diffuse leiomyomatosis is a rare condition among benign smooth muscle neoplasms of the uterus, being defined as innumerable small myomatous nodules that mainly occur in the submucosal area. Young women with this disease suffer from menorrhagia, pains, and infertility. It is essential to perform extensive myomectomy after opening the endometrial cavity by a deep, median, longitudinal incision of the uterine corpus, followed by careful suture and reconstruction of the uterus for fertility spearing and childbearing in young women with this disease. So far, there have been no experiences of the uterine rupture during pregnancy even after such myomectomy, but Caesarean section is recommended for safe delivery.

Keywords

diffuse leiomyomatosis - extensive myomectomy - longitudinal incision of uterus - GnRH agonist - MRI - junctional zone

Diffuse Leiomyomatosis

Diffuse leiomyomatosis is an unusual condition in which innumerable small smooth muscle nodules produce symmetrical enlargement of the uterus. The uterus may be greatly enlarged, weighting up to 1,000 g. Each nodule ranges from microscopic to 3 cm in size, but mostly less than 1 cm in diameter. They are composed of uniform, bland, spindled-shaped smooth muscle cells, and are less circumscribed than typical leiomyoma. Usually, small nodules occur mainly in the submucosal area, and, therefore, they are recognized as extensive submucosal myomas by ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffuse leiomyomatosis occur in young women at the age of 30's and produce severe symptoms, such as hypermenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. All of them suffer from iron-deficiency anemia and also use analgesics during menstruation. They frequently have a past history undergoing myomectomy. However, traditional surgical approaches by open laparotomy, laparoscopy, and hysteroscopy usually result in an incomplete myomectomy, and the patient will complain again of the same symptoms soon after the surgery due to recurrence. Finally, the patients tend to undergo hysterectomy without childbearing. Thus, diffuse leiomyomatosis is an important clinical entity and a difficult-to-cure disease in young women who desires fertility spearing. Gynecologists are asked enthusiastically by the patient to remove numerous submucosal myomas as complete as possible. In this text, a novel and radical surgical approach for diffuse leiomyomatosis is described.[1]

Preoperative Evaluation

MRI is absolutely needed to diagnose diffuse leiomyomatosis. T2-weighted image will disclose numerous small nodules mainly in the junctional zone of the uterine corpus (Fig. 1A, B). Therefore, this disease is recognized by gynecologists as extensive submucosal myomas of the uterus. Several nodules may be present in the subserosal area, but this is not frequent.

Hormonal Treatment before Surgery

It is advised to prescribe gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or antagonist for 3 to 6 months before the surgery. During such hormonal treatment, the uterus and the nodules become smaller, and the surgery will become much easier. The second MRI after the hormonal treatment is essential for preoperative planning of the surgery ([Fig. 1C], [D]).

Fig. 1 MRI T2-weighted findings of diffuse leiomyomatosis: nnumerable small nodules are present in the junctional zone, and protruded into the uterine cavity(A, B). After treatment with four cycles of GnRH agonist, the uterus and myomatous nodules decrease in size(C, D).(A, C) Sagittal section,(B, D) transverse section.

Fig. 2 Junctional zone of the uterus: in T2-weighted MRI figures, the uterine corpus is composed by three different zones. The endometrium appears as the innermost, high-intensity zone. The outer subserosal zone of the myometrium shows an intermediately high intensity. The low-intensity zone between the endometrium and the outer myometrium is called as “junctional zone”, but this is actually the inner part of the myometrium. (This figure is kindly given by Prof. Kaori Togashi)

Explanation of Procedures

General and classical principle for myomectomy described by Dr. Victor Bonney is that only a minimal number of uterine incisions to remove all myomata should be made. This was recommended for performing the complete closure of myometrium. According to the above rule; however, the incision tends to be as small as possible. This should not be the case in the surgery for diffuse leiomyomatosis, since smaller incision will miss the occult presence of minute nodules. Thus, the myometrial incision for diffuse leiomyomatosis should be large enough for complete myomectomy. Here, a novel technique for extensive myomectomy is presented.

(1) Opening Abdomen and Exploration

Patient is laid in the supine position and urethral catheter is inserted for continuous bladder drainage. The operator incises the abdominal wall longitudinally from the pubis toward the umbilicus, then the fascia and peritoneum. The intestines are softly put upward and maintained with large gauze/sponge, and an appropriate operative field is obtained by the self-retaining retractor. The operative field is kept moist with the Ringer solution, and the tissue is handled gently to avoid unnecessary trauma.

(2) Tourniquet for Hemostasis

In order to reduce the blood loss during myomectomy, the soft catheter is applied as tourniquet for uterine artery at the level of uterine isthmus ([Fig. 3]). To do so, the operator should identify the transparent area of anterior and posterior leaves of broad ligament, and insert the Pean clamps making the holes for tourniquet. The tourniquet will be tied tightly enough to occlude the uterine artery.

Fig. 3 Tourniquet for Hemostasis: in order to reduce the blood loss during myomectomy, the soft catheter is applied as tourniquet for uterine artery at the level of uterine isthmus. To do so, the operator should identify the transparent area of anterior and posterior leaves of broad ligament, and insert the Pean clamps making the holes for tourniquet(A). Then the soft catheter will be tied(B). (Reproduced with permission from Suzuki and Konishi.[1] Copyright © Medical View).

(3) Opening the Uterine Cavity

Deep, median, and longitudinal incision of the uterine corpus is made using the scalpel ([Fig. 4]). Before the incision, the operator should identify the midline that is the midportion between the isthmic ends of each side of Fallopian tube. The incision is made from the fundus to downward till the level of isthmus, first anterior wall and then posterior wall of the uterus. Many myomatous nodules protrude from the cavity and myometrial wall ([Fig. 5]). Usually, this procedure is accompanied by small amount of bleeding from the myometrial wall.

Fig. 4 Opening the uterine cavity: deep, median, and longitudinal incision of the uterine corpus is made using the scalpel. (Reproduced with permission from Suzuki and Konishi.[1] Copyright © Medical View).

Fig. 5 Opening-cavity findings of diffuse leiomyomatosis in the same patient as shown in [Fig. 1]. Numerous nodules protrude from the cavity and myometrial wall.

(4) Complete Myomectomy

Almost all of myomatous nodules should be removed from the surface of incised myometrial wall or from the endometrial cavity ([Fig. 6]). More than 95% of macroscopically-detectable nodules can be removed through this procedure. Blood loss during myomectomy is usually small. It is not necessary for the operator to concern about the preservation of endometrium. Although considerable amount of endometrium is removed during the procedure, it will regenerate and soon recover the normal menstrual cycle. So far, there have been no patients with amenorrhea or Asherman's syndrome after the surgery.

Fig. 6 Complete myomectomy for diffuse leiomyomatosis in the same patient in [Fig. 5]. Almost all of nodules are removed from the myometrial wall and from the endometrial cavity.

(5) Closing the Uterine Cavity

When no remaining tumors are macroscopically visible in the uterine wall, it is time to close the cavity and reconstruct the uterine corpus. Before starting the closing sutures, the tourniquet is once released to check the presence of heavy bleeding from the myometrium. Usually, there is no massive bleeding. Reconstruction of the uterine corpus is performed by the same method as done in the Jones operation for unification of the bicornuate uterus, using three layers of interrupted sutures with 3–0 or 2–0 Vicryl. The sutures are placed at approximately 5-mm intervals. The most inferior sutures close to the isthmus should be placed first, and the remainder of the sutures is then placed, gradually approximating the both sides of wall ([Fig. 7]). Importantly, the first layer for subendometrial sutures should not appear on the endometrial cavity. In the second layer, the intramural sutures should be tied not to remain dead spaces. In the third layer for the uterine serosa, the sutures should be placed beautifully.

Fig. 7 Sutures of the uterine corpus for reconstruction: the first layer sutures should not appear on the endometrial cavity(A). The third layer sutures for the serosal surface should be placed beautifully(B). (Reproduced with permission from Suzuki and Konishi.[1] Copyright © Medical View).

(6) Application of Antiadhesive Material

After completing the uterine sutures, the operator should check the bleeding from the uterus, release the tourniquet, and repair the peritoneal holes. Then, the surface of the uterus is covered by antiadhesive materials, such as Seprafilm, Interceed, or Adspray.

(7) Closing Abdomen

The abdomen is closed with each sutures for the peritoneum, fascia, and skin. The operative technique employed should be consistent with the goal of sparing fertility and the possibility of successful pregnancy.

Postoperative Care and Pregnancy

A period of 3 months of contraception is sufficient before conception. Usually, patients are prescribed with three cycles of estrogen followed by estrogen–progestin for enhancement of endometrial regeneration. Active fertile treatment, such as in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) may be needed for conception. If pregnant, the course should be carefully checked by perinatologist. So far, there have been no experiences of uterine rupture during pregnancy, but Caesarean section is recommended for safe delivery.

Fig. 8 Microscopic features of diffuse leiomyomatosis: hypercellular smooth muscle cells are irregularly arranged intervening with the surrounding normal smooth muscle cells. HE section of low magnification(A) and higher magnification(B) showing immature smooth muscle cells, which are immunohistochemically positive for smooth muscle action(C), but negative for caldesmon(D). HE, hematoxylin–eosin.

Case Presentation: A 27-year-old, nulligravid woman presented with hypermenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. Her past history was GnRH agonist treatment for leiomyoma at 25 years, laparotomic myomectomy at 26 years and then hysteroscopic myomectomy at 27 years of age. She was recently married and desired childbearing. MRI showed numerous small myomatous nodules in the junctional zone ([Fig. 9]). First, she received four cycles of GnRH agonist treatment, and MRI showed much decrease in size of uterus and modules. She underwent laparotomy and removal of 90 nodules using the current myomectomy method ([Fig. 10]). Operating time was 3 hours and the blood loss was 200 g. Six months after the myomectomy, fertile therapy resulted in pregnancy. The course of pregnancy was uneventful, and a male baby 2,174 g was born by Caesarean section at 36 weeks. There were no ruptures of the uterine wall, and the myomectomy scar was smooth ([Fig. 11]).

Fig. 9 Case presentation: a 27-year-old woman presented with recurrent hypermenorrhea and past histories of two surgeries, such as open myomectomy and hysteroscopic myomectomy. MRI T2-weighted findings of diffuse leiomyomatosis at presentation(A) and after treatment with four cycles of GnRH agonist treatment(B). MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Fig. 10 Case presentation: myomectomy findings of diffuse leiomyomatosis in the same patient, showing the cut section of the uterine corpus (A), the uterine wall after myomectomy (B), and reconstruction of the uterine corpus (C). Six months after the surgery, the patient became pregnant.

Fig. 11 Caesarean section findings of the same patient in [Figs. 9] and [10], showing the anterior view(A) and the posterior view(B) of the uterine corpus just after C-section. Scar of myomectomy is visible, but there are no ruptures.

Conflict of Interest

None.

• References

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