Prävention von Krankheiten und Steigerung der Lebenserwartung durch Kalorienrestriktion

Zusammenfassung

Seneszenz reflektiert die biologische Summe schadhafter Einflüsse, die im Laufe des Lebens akkumulieren, und zu der Entstehung alterungsbedingter Erkrankungen, wie zum Beispiel Diabetes mellitus, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen und Krebs beitragen. Eine wichtige Begleiterscheinung des Alterungsprozesses ist die schrittweise Beeinträchtigung der mitochondrialen Nährstoffkonversion. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse legen dementsprechend einen Zusammenhang zwischen gestörtem mitochondrialen Energiestoffwechsel und der Entstehung altersassoziierter Erkrankungen nahe. Im Umkehrschluss könnte eine Steigerung der mitochondrialen Energiegewinnung positiven Einfluss auf Aspekte der zellulären und systemischen Seneszenz nehmen, und der Entwicklung metabolischer Erkrankungen entgegenwirken; die Untersuchung ihrer biochemischen Ursachen und mechanistischen Grundlagen sind daher zentrale Ziele der Alterungsforschung. Mit Hinblick auf die steigende Inzidenz metabolischer Erkrankungen in den westlichen Gesellschaften ist daher eine übergreifende Kenntnis der molekularen Regulation des mitochondrialen Energiestoffwechsels von besonderer klinischer Relevanz.

Abstract

Senescence reflects the biological sum of deteriorating influences that accumulate during life span and promote the development of ageing-associated diseases such as the diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. A prominent by-effect of the ageing process is the progressive reduction of mitochondrial nutrient conversion. Hence, the positive correlation between dysfunctional mitochondrial energy metabolism and disease at high age suggests a significant impact of the mitochondrion in the signalling events leading to these perturbations. In return, activation of mitochondrial bioenergetic efficiency could exert beneficial effects on cellular and systemic senescence and counteract the development of metabolic illness. The investigation of biochemical mechanisms underlying the ageing process remain central aims of gerontology. With regard to the ever increasing incidence of metabolic disease in Westernised societies, a comprehensive understanding of biochemical regulation of oxidative energy metabolism in the mitochondrion is therefore warranted and of particular clinical relevance.

Schlüsselwörter

Alterung - Kalorienrestriktion - Lebenserwartung - Mitochondrien - Stoffwechsel - Krebs - Diabetes - Übergewicht - Neurodegeneration

Key words

aging - calorie restriction - life span - life expectancy - mitochondria - metabolism - cancer - diabetes - obesity - neurodegeneration

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