Zusammenfassung
Die Lymphorrhö bzw. Chylorrhö ist eine seltene aber ernsthafte Komplikation nach Interventionen
und operativen Eingriffen. Sie führt zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der perioperativen
Morbidität und Letalität. Bei der lymphokutanen Fistel stehen vor allem lokale Probleme
wie Wundheilungsstörungen und Infektionen im Vordergrund. Chylaszites und Chylothorax
können unbehandelt zu schweren nutritiven und metabolischen Störungen bis hin zur
Immunsuppression führen. Die Diagnose bereitet aufgrund des charakteristischen Aussehens
chylöser Flüssigkeit sowie durch den laborchemischen Nachweis von Triglyzeriden und
Chylomikronen wenig Schwierigkeiten. Bei der initialen Behandlung wird in der Regel
konservativen Maßnahmen (Dränage, Kompressionsverbände, totale parenterale Ernährung,
spezielle enterale Diät) der Vorzug gegeben. Nachteilig ist jedoch die zum Teil erhebliche
Behandlungsdauer. Operative Therapien werden bei inadäquatem Ansprechen auf konservative
Therapien empfohlen. Jedoch bergen chirurgische Revisionseingriffe die Gefahr erneuter
Komplikationen und sind ihrerseits mit einer erhöhten Morbidität und Letalität assoziiert.
Vielversprechend sind neuere alternative Therapieansätze (Gabe von Octreotid bzw.
Etilefrin, lokale Bestrahlung, Sklerosierungstherapie, V.A.C.-Verbände sowie die perkutane
Embolisation des Ductus thoracicus), mit denen konservative Behandlungsstrategien
sinnvoll ergänzt und chirurgische Re-Eingriffe vermieden werden können. Von außerordentlicher
Bedeutung ist die Prävention der Lymphorrhö bei der Primäroperation. Die vorliegende
Arbeit gibt einen systematischen Überblick über aktuell verfügbare diagnostische und
therapeutische Möglichkeiten bei der Behandlung der lymphokutanen Fistel, des Chylaszites
und Chylothorax als häufigste Entitäten der Lymphorrhö.
Abstract
Lymphorrhea is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication following
surgical procedures which strongly influences the outcome of surgical patients. Persistent
lymphocutaneous fistula is mainly associated with an increased risk of local infections
and wound complications. Chylous ascites and chylothorax can result in malnutrition,
metabolic deterioration and immunosuppression that increase postsurgical morbidity.
Diagnosis can easily be made by the characteristic milky-beige appearance of chylous
fluid. Laboratory investigation of the drainage fluid (chylomicrons, triglycerides)
enables to confirm diagnosis. Initial therapy favors conservative measures including
drainage, pressure dressings, total parenteral nutrition and diet modifications. But
this takes sometimes several weeks to control the chylous leak and leads to prolonged
hospitalisation. Surgical options are only recommended if conservative therapy fails.
However, surgical re-interventions are associated with significant incidence of morbidity
and mortality. In addition, surgery may occasionally fail to identify the leak. Some
promising new techniques have recently been introduced (application of octreotide
or etilefrine, low-dose radiotherapy, use of sclerosing agents, subatmospheric pressure
dressings or percutaneous embolization of cisterna chyli), which - alone or in combination
with well-established conservative measures - may have the potential to avoid surgical
re-interventions. Prevention of lymphorrhea during primary operation is of major importance.
The present study focusses on current diagnostic and therapeutic options in the treatment
of lymphocutaneous fistula, chylous ascites and chylothorax as the most frequent entities
of lymphorrhea.
Schlüsselwörter
Lymphorrhö - lymphokutane Fistel - Chylaszites - Chylothorax - postoperative Komplikation
Key words
lymphorrhea - lymphocutaneous fistula - chylous ascites - chylothorax - postoperative
complication
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