Zusammenfassung
Trotz stetiger Weiterentwicklung effektiver medikamentöser Behandlungsoptionen sind
chirurgische Eingriffe bei Patienten mit chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen
häufig. Während beim dynamischen Verlauf des M. Crohn keine definitive Heilung durch
einen chirurgischen Eingriff erzielt werden kann, stellt die restaurative Proktokolektomie
bei der Colitis ulcerosa die Operation der Wahl zur Heilung dar. Häufigste Indikationen
zur Operation beim M. Crohn stellen medikamentös therapierefraktäre Stenosen oder
Fisteln dar. Hingegen sind bei der Colitis ulcerosa neben der therapierefraktären
Entzündung die hochgradige intraepitheliale Neoplasie (IEN) sowie Kolitis-assoziierte
Karzinome verbreitet. Operationsstrategie und Operationstechnik sind von der jeweiligen
Grunderkrankung definiert, wobei die Anastomosierungstechnik (End-zu-End vs. Seit-zu-Seit),
die Rolle der Strikturoplastik sowie innovative Therapieansätze in der Fistelchirurgie
beim M. Crohn und die adäquate Anastomosierungstechnik bei der pouchanalen Anastomose
bei der Colitis ulcerosa in der Diskussion stehen. Hinsichtlich des Einsatz minimalinvasiver
Techniken profitieren Patienten mit chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen in besonderer
Weise von der Reduktion des Zugangstraumas, der schnelleren postoperativen Rekonvaleszenz
und der besseren Kosmetik. Häufigste laparoskopische Operationen beim M. Crohn sind
die Ileozökalresektion und die Stomaanlage verglichen mit der laparoskopisch-assistierten
Proktokolektomie mit ileumpouchanaler Anastomose bei der Colitis ulcerosa, die im
Vergleich zur offenen Operation keine erhöhten Komplikationsraten aufweisen. Generell
bleiben durch den Einsatz der laparoskopischen Chirurgie die OP-Indikationen unberührt,
nur der Zugangsweg ändert sich.
Abstract
Although medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease has become more effective,
surgical interventions in patients particularly suffering from Crohn's disease are
frequent. As surgery for Crohn's disease does not include definitive curation from
the disease, restorative proctocolectomy with ileal-pouch-anal anastomisis is performed
with curative intent. Most frequent indications for surgery in Crohn's disease include
small bowel obstruction and fistulas. Main indications for surgery in ulcerative colitis
are high-grade neoplasia (IEN) and colitis-associated carcinoma. Surgical strategy
and technique are mainly determined by the type of disease, whereas the type of anastomosis
(end-to-end vs. side-to-side), the role of stricturoplasty as well as innovative strategies
for perianal fistula in Crohn's disease, and the role of anastomosis in ulcerative
colitis are under controversial discussion. Specifically focussing on minimally invasive
surgery, potential benefits of laparoscopic surgery in patients with inflammatory
bowel disease include reduction of surgical trauma, fast recovery and improved cosmetic
when compared to conventional approach. Most common laparoscopic procedures for Crohn's
disease include ileocecal resection and stoma creation for fecal diversion, and laparoscopic-assisted
proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Data of comparative studies have shown that
laparoscopic resection is not associated with increased morbidity rates. In general,
the indication for surgery has not changed with the application of laparoscopy.
Schlüsselwörter
M. Crohn - Colitis ulcerosa - Operationstechnik
Key words
Crohn's disease - ulcerative colitis - surgical technique
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PD Dr. med. A. Fürst
Klinik für Chirurgie · Caritas-Krankenhaus St. Josef
Landshuter Str. 65
93053 Regensburg
Phone: 09 41 / 7 82 33 10
Fax: 09 41 / 7 82 33 15
Email: afuerst@caritasstjosef.de