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Planta Med 2018; 84(12/13): 845-854
DOI: 10.1055/a-0641-6240
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Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

The Difference between White and Red Ginseng: Variations in Ginsenosides and Immunomodulation[*]

Min He
1   LU-European Center for Chinese Medicine, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
2   Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
,
Xin Huang
3   Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
,
Shuying Liu
3   Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
,
Chunsheng Guo
4   Jilin ZiXin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
,
Yufei Xie
2   Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
,
Annemarie H. Meijer
2   Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
,
Mei Wang
1   LU-European Center for Chinese Medicine, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
2   Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
5   SU Biomedicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 04 March 2018
revised 31 May 2018

accepted 05 June 2018

Publication Date:
20 June 2018 (online)

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Abstract

Ginseng Radix (Panax ginseng) is one of the most commonly used herbs worldwide for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases among others, supported by ancient historical records. Throughout this long history, the large-scale cultivation of ginseng created an increasing demand for long-term storage of the harvested plant material, accelerating the development of post-harvesting procedures. Dried white ginseng and processed (steamed) red ginseng are the products of the two most common traditional post-harvest processes. Although there are a significant number of reports on practice-based therapeutic applications of ginseng, science-based evidence is needed to support these uses. Using a reverse pharmacology approach in conjunction with high-throughput techniques and animal models may offer clear, simple paths for the elucidation of the mechanisms of activity of herbal medicines. Moreover, it could provide a new and more efficient method for the discovery of potential drug candidates. From this perspective, the different chemical compositions of white ginseng and red ginseng could very likely result in different interactions with signaling pathways of diverse biological responses. This paper provides an overview of white ginseng and red ginseng, mainly focusing on their chemical profile and immunomodulation activities. Synergistic effects of ginseng herbal drugs with combinations of other traditional herbal drugs or with synthetic drugs were reviewed. The use of the zebrafish model for bioactivity testing greatly improves the prospects for future ginseng research.

Key words

Panax ginseng - Araliaceae - white ginseng - red ginseng - immunomodulation - zebrafish model

* Dedicated to Professor Dr. Robert Verpoorte in recognition of his outstanding contribution to natural product research.


 

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