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Planta Med 2022; 88(14): 1275-1286
DOI: 10.1055/a-1675-3840
Biological and Pharmacological Activity
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Beyond the Psychoactive Effects of Ayahuasca: Cultural and Pharmacological Relevance of Its Emetic and Purging Properties

Matteo Politi
1   Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Università degli Studi “Gabriele dʼAnnunzio”, Chieti, Italy
2   Research Department, Center for Drug Addiction Treatment and Research on Traditional Medicines – Takiwasi, Tarapoto, Peru
,
Giorgia Tresca
1   Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Università degli Studi “Gabriele dʼAnnunzio”, Chieti, Italy
,
Luigi Menghini 
1   Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Università degli Studi “Gabriele dʼAnnunzio”, Chieti, Italy
,
Claudio Ferrante
1   Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Università degli Studi “Gabriele dʼAnnunzio”, Chieti, Italy
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Abstract

The herbal preparation ayahuasca has been an important part of ritual and healing practices, deployed to access invisible worlds in several indigenous groups in the Amazon basin and among mestizo populations of South America. The preparation is usually known to be composed of two main plants, Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, which produce both hallucinogenic and potent purging and emetic effects; currently, these are considered its major pharmacological activities. In recent decades, the psychoactive and visionary effect of ayahuasca has been highly sought after by the shamanic tourism community, which led to the popularization of ayahuasca use globally and to a cultural distancing from its traditional cosmological meanings, including that of purging and emesis. Further, the field of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology has also produced relatively limited data linking the phytochemical diversity of ayahuasca with the different degrees of its purging and emetic versus psychoactive effects. Similarly, scientific interest has also principally addressed the psychological and mental health effects of ayahuasca, overlooking the cultural and pharmacological importance of the purging and emetic activity. The aim of this review is therefore to shed light on the understudied purging and emetic effect of ayahuasca herbal preparation. It firstly focuses on reviewing the cultural relevance of emesis and purging in the context of Amazonian traditions. Secondly, on the basis of the main known phytochemicals described in the ayahuasca formula, a comprehensive pharmacological evaluation of their emetic and purging properties is presented.

Key words

Banisteriopsis caapi - Psychotria viridis - Malpighiaceae - Rubiaceae - Ayahuasca - traditional Amazonian medicine - emetic - purgative


Publication History

Received: 07 June 2021

Accepted after revision: 06 October 2021

Article published online:
18 November 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
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