Antimicrobial Formulation of Chrysopogon zizanioides Essential Oil in an Emulsified Lotion for Acne

Abstract

Acne is a skin condition arising from excess sebum production and microbial overgrowth within the pilosebaceous unit. Several commercial essential oils have shown promising activity against acne-related pathogens. Due to their volatility and thermal instability, the formulation of essential oils into commercial products remains a pharmaceutical challenge. Thus, this study aimed to develop a viable anti-acne topical treatment as an oil-in-water emulsified lotion to overcome these challenges. Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) displayed noteworthy antimicrobial activity with a mean minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.14 mg/mL against Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Emulsified lotions containing C. zizanioides were developed through the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance approach. At tested hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values of 8, 9, and 10, C. zizanioides emulsified lotions displayed maximum stability at hydrophilic-lipophilic balance 9 with a minimum change in mean droplet size and polydispersity index of 20.61 and 33.33%, respectively, over 84 days. The C. zizanioides emulsified lotion at optimum hydrophilic-lipophilic balance 9 completely inhibited the growth of C. acnes and killed S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pyogenes within 24 h. Additionally, the lotion retained antimicrobial activity against these test micro-organisms over the 84-day stability test period. Thus, the C. zizanioides emulsified lotion demonstrated physical stability and antimicrobial efficiency, making it an ideal natural product anti-acne treatment.

Key words

acne - essential oil - Vetiveria zizanioides - HLB - emulsion - stability

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 26. August 2021

Angenommen nach Revision: 12. November 2021

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
28. Dezember 2021

• References

• 1 Mahmood NF, Shipman AR. The age-old problem of acne. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017; 3: 71-76
• 2 Tan JKL, Bhate K. A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172: 3-12
• 3 Walsh TR, Efthimiou J, Dréno B. Systematic review of antibiotic resistance in acne: An increasing topical and oral threat. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16: e23-e33
• 4 Moon SH, Roh HS, Kim YH, Kim JE, Ko JY, Ro YS. Antibiotic resistance of microbial strains isolated from Korean acne patients. J Dermatol 2012; 39: 833-837
• 5 Schafer F, Fich F, Lam M, Gárate C, Wozniak A, Garcia P. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from patients with acne. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52: 418-425
• 6 Vora J, Srivastava A, Modi H. Antibacterial and antioxidant strategies for acne treatment through plant extracts. Inform Med Unlocked 2018; 13: 128-132
• 7 Decker A, Graber EM. Over-the-counter acne treatments: A review. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2012; 5: 32-40
• 8 Sinha P, Srivastava S, Mishra N, Yadav NP. New perspectives on antiacne plant drugs: contribution to modern therapeutics. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 301304
• 9 Pavoni L, Perinelli DR, Bonacucina G, Cespi M, Palmieri GF. An overview of micro- and nanoemulsions as vehicles for essential oils: Formulation, preparation and stability. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10: 135
• 10 Orchard A, van Vuuren S. Commercial essential oils as potential antimicrobials to treat skin diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017; 2017: 4517971
• 11 Kurrimboccus F. Formulation of a topical anti-acne drug delivery system incorporating essential oils [Dissertation]. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand; 2021
• 12 Castangia I, Manca ML, Caddeo C, Maxia A, Murgia S, Pons R, Demurtas D, Pando D, Falconieri D, Peris JE, Fadda AM, Manconi M. Faceted phospholipid vesicles tailored for the delivery of Santolina insularis essential oil to the skin. Colloids Surf B 2015; 132: 185-193
• 13 Sherry M, Charcosset C, Fessi H, Greige-Gerges H. Essential oils encapsulated in liposomes: A review. J Liposome Res 2013; 23: 268-275
• 14 Han HJ. Development of an effective formulation for an acne treatment cream with Ocimum basilicum using invasomes. J Cosmet Med 2018; 2: 69-75
• 15 Gyawali R, Paudel N, Shrestha S, Silwal A. Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant polyherbal lotion. J Inst Sci Technol 2016; 21: 148-156
• 16 Majeed H, Bian YY, Ali B, Jamil A, Majeed U, Khan QF, Iqbal KJ, Shoemaker CF, Fang Z. Essential oil encapsulations: uses, procedures, and trends. RSC Adv 2015; 5: 58449-58463
• 17 Donsì F, Ferrari G. Essential oil nanoemulsions as antimicrobial agents in food. J Biotechnol 2016; 233: 106-120
• 18 Orafidiya LO, Oladimeji FA. Determination of the required HLB values of some essential oils. Int J Pharm 2002; 237: 241-249
• 19 Orchard A, van Vuuren SF, Viljoen AM, Kamatou G. The in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of commercial essential oils and their combinations against acne. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40: 226-243
• 20 Orchard A, Viljoen A, van Vuuren S. Wound pathogens: Investigating antimicrobial activity of commercial essential oil combinations against reference strains. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15: e1800405
• 21 Kim HJ, Chen F, Xi W, Hau YC, Jin Z. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) oil and identification of its antioxidant constituents. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53: 7691-7695
• 22 Dahiya P, Soni A. Screening of phytochemicals and antimicrobial potential of extracts of Vetiver zizanoides and Phragmites karka against clinical isolates. Int J Appl Pharm 2015; 7: 22-24
• 23 Cos P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Maes L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: how to develop a stronger in vitro ‘proof-of-concept’. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 106: 290-302
• 24 Ríos JL, Recio MC. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 100: 80-84
• 25 Jiménez M, Domínguez JA, Pascual-Pineda LA, Azuara E, Beristain CI. Elaboration and characterization of O/W cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2018; 77: 902-910
• 26 Inouye S, Yamaguchi H, Takizawa T. Screening of the antibacterial effects of a variety of essential oils on respiratory tract pathogens, using a modified dilution assay method. J Infect Chemother 2001; 7: 51-54
• 27 Wijesundara NM, Rupasinghe HPV. Essential oils from Origanum vulgare and Salvia officinalis exhibit antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against Streptococcus pyogenes . Microb Pathog 2018; 117: 118-127
• 28 Kumar B, Pathak R, Mary PB, Jha D, Sardana K, Gautam HK. New insights into acne pathogenesis: Exploring the role of acne-associated microbial populations. Dermatologica Sin 2016; 34: 67-73
• 29 Kaczmarczyk D, Strub DJ, Polowy A, Wilk KA, Lochyński S. Selected essential oils in cosmetic emulsions: Process oriented stability studies and antimicrobial activity. Nat Volatiles Essent Oils 2015; 2: 27-39
• 30 Terjung N, Löffler M, Gibis M, Hinrichs J, Weiss J. Influence of droplet size on the efficacy of oil-in-water emulsions loaded with phenolic antimicrobials. Food Funct 2012; 3: 290-301
• 31 Danila A, Ibanescu SA, Zaharia C, Muresan EI, Popescu A, Danu M, Rotaru V. Eco-friendly O/W emulsions with potential application in skincare products. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021; 612: 125969
• 32 Wadhwa G, Kumar S, Mittal V, Rao R. Encapsulation of babchi essential oil into microsponges: Physicochemical properties, cytotoxic evaluation and anti-microbial activity. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27: 60-70
• 33 Enayatifard R, Akbari J, Babaei A, Rostamkalaei SS, Mohammad S, Hashemi H, Habibi I. Anti-microbial potential of nano-emulsion form of essential oil obtained from aerial parts of Origanum vulgare L. as food additive. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11: 327-334
• 34 Clavijo-Romero A, Quintanilla-Carvajal MX, Ruiz Y. Stability and antimicrobial activity of eucalyptus essential oil emulsions. Food Sci Technol Int 2019; 25: 24-37
• 35 Nirmal NP, Mereddy R, Li L, Sultanbawa Y. Formulation, characterisation and antibacterial activity of lemon myrtle and anise myrtle essential oil in water nanoemulsion. Food Chem 2018; 254: 1-7
• 36 Sanad RA, Mabrouk MI. Development and assessment of stable formulations containing two herbal antimicrobials: Allium sativum L. and Eruca sativa miller seed oils. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 2: 958-968
• 37 Cheng H, Khan MA, Xie Z, Tao S, Li Y, Liang L. A peppermint oil emulsion stabilized by resveratrol-zein-pectin complex particles: Enhancing the chemical stability and antimicrobial activity in combination with the synergistic effect. Food Hydrocoll 2020; 103: 105675
• 38 Feng X, Sun Y, Yang Y, Zhou X, Cen K, Yu C, Xu T, Tang X. Zein nanoparticle stabilized pickering emulsion enriched with cinnamon oil and its effects on pound cakes. Food Sci Technol 2020; 122: 109025
• 39 Yadav NP, Meher JG, Pandey N, Luqman S, Yadav KS, Chanda D. Enrichment, development, and assessment of Indian basil oil based antiseptic cream formulation utilizing hydrophilic-lipophilic balance approach. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 410686
• 40 Meher JG, Yadav NP, Sahu JJ, Sinha P. Determination of required hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of citronella oil and development of stable cream formulation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 39: 1540-1546
• 41 Campolo O, Giunti G, Laigle M, Michel T, Palmeri V. Essential oil-based nano-emulsions: Effect of different surfactants, sonication and plant species on physicochemical characteristics. Ind Crops Prod 2020; 157: 112935