Glaukomassoziierte Makulopathien

Zusammenfassung

Bei Vorliegen eines Glaukoms kann es im Verlauf der Erkrankung selbst oder von dessen Therapie zu verschiedenen Veränderungen in der Makula kommen. Zu den Makulopathien, die bei Glaukomen beobachtet werden können, zählen das zystoide Makulaödem, die hypotone Makulopathie und das mikrozystische Makulaödem. Im folgenden Artikel wird auf Pathophysiologie, Ursachen, Verlauf, klinisches Erscheinungsbild und Therapie dieser Makulopathien eingegangen.

Schlüsselwörter

Glaukom - Makulopathie - Irvine-Gass-Syndrom - Hypotonie - mikrozystisches Makulaödem - zystoides Makulaödem

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 25. März 2022

Angenommen: 14. Juli 2022

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
06. September 2022

• References/Literatur

• 1 Hood DC, Raza AS, de Moraes CG. et al. Glaucomatous damage of the macula. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 32: 1-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.08.003.
• 2 Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Bowd C. et al. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer, optic nerve head, and macular thickness measurements for glaucoma detection using optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139: 44-55 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.08.069.
• 3 Holló G, Aung T, Cantor LB. et al. Cystoid macular edema related to cataract surgery and topical prostaglandin analogs: Mechanism, diagnosis, and management. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 65: 496-512 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.02.004.
• 4 Sigler EJ, Randolph JC, Kiernan DF. Longitudinal analysis of the structural pattern of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema using multimodal imaging. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254: 43-51 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3000-8.
• 5 Hernstadt DJ, Husain R. Effect of prostaglandin analogue use on the development of cystoid macular edema after phacoemulsification using STROBE statement methodology. J Cataract Refract Surg 2017; 43: 564-569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2017.03.005.
• 6 Miyake K, Miyake T, Miyake C. et al. Outward transport of fluorescein from the vitreous in aphakic eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 1985; 69: 428-432 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.69.6.428.
• 7 Miyake K, Shirasawa E, Hikita M. Active transport system of prostaglandins: Clinical implications and considerations. J Cataract Refract Surg 1992; 18: 100-105 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(13)80390-2.
• 8 Jiang J, Shihan MH, Wang Y. et al. Lens Epithelial Cells Initiate an Inflammatory Response Following Cataract Surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59: 4986-4997 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25067.
• 9 Miyake K, Ibaraki N. Prostaglandins and Cystoid Macular Edema. Surv Ophthalmol 2002; 47 (Suppl. 01) S203-S218 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00294-1.
• 10 Arcieri ES, Pierre Filho PT, Wakamatsu TH. et al. The effects of prostaglandin analogues on the blood aqueous barrier and corneal thickness of phakic patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Eye (Lond) 2008; 22: 179-183 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702542.
• 11 Lee KM, Lee EJ, Kim TW. et al. Pseudophakic Macular Edema in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Prospective Study Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 2017; 179: 97-109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.05.001.
• 12 Henderson BA, Kim JY, Ament CS. et al. Clinical pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Risk factors for development and duration after treatment. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33: 1550-1558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.05.013.
• 13 Yeh PC, Ramanathan S. Latanoprost and clinically significant cystoid macular edema after uneventful phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28: 1814-1818 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01334-2.
• 14 Wendel C, Zakrzewski H, Carleton B. et al. Association of Postoperative Topical Prostaglandin Analog or Beta-Blocker Use and Incidence of Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema. J Glaucoma 2018; 27: 402-406 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000929.
• 15 Arcieri ES, Santana A, Rocha FN. et al. Blood-aqueous barrier changes after the use of prostaglandin analogues in patients with pseudophakia and aphakia: a 6-month randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 186-192 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.123.2.186.
• 16 Matsuura K, Uotani R, Terasaka Y. Subtenon triamcinolone injection for postoperative cystoid macular edema associated with tafluprost. Clin Ophthalmol 2013; 7: 1525-1528 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s49226.
• 17 Agange N, Mosaed S. Prostaglandin-Induced Cystoid Macular Edema Following Routine Cataract Extraction. J Ophthalmol 2010; 2010: 690707 DOI: 10.1155/2010/690707.
• 18 Makri OE, Tsekouras IK, Plotas P. et al. Cystoid Macular Edema due to Accidental Latanoprost Overdose after Uncomplicated Phacoemulsification. Curr Drug Saf 2018; 13: 208-210 DOI: 10.2174/1574886313666180619163845.
• 19 Altintas O, Yuksel N, Karabas VL. et al. Cystoid macular edema associated with latanoprost after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol 2005; 15: 158-161 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.2008.539.
• 20 Chu CJ, Johnston RL, Buscombe C. et al. Risk Factors and Incidence of Macular Edema after Cataract Surgery. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 316-323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.001.
• 21 Schaub F, Adler W, Koenig MC. et al. Combined Ab Interno Glaucoma Surgery Does not Increase the Risk of Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema in Uncomplicated Eyes. J Glaucoma 2017; 26: 227-232 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000586.
• 22 Moghimi S, Zandian M, Latifi G. et al. Topical latanoprost does not cause macular thickening after uncomplicated cataract surgery. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2012; 7: 289-294
• 23 Guo S, Patel S, Baumrind B. et al. Management of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 60: 123-137 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.08.005.
• 24 Shelsta HN, Jampol LM. Pharmacologic Therapy of Pseudophacic Cystoid Macular Edema: 2010 Update. Retina 2011; 31: 4-12 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3181fd9740.
• 25 Pepple KL, Nguyen MH, Pakzad-Vaezi K. et al. Response of Inflammatory Cystoid Macular Edema to Treatment using Oral Acetazolamide. Retina 2019; 39: 948-955 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002044.
• 26 Karasheva G, Goebel W, Klink T. et al. Changes in macular thickness and depth of anterior chamber in patients after filtration surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003; 241: 170-175 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-003-0628-6.
• 27 Sesar A, Cavar I, Sesar AP. et al. Macular thickness after glaucoma filtration surgery. Coll Antropol 2013; 37: 841-845
• 28 Manabe K, Matsuoka Y, Tanito M. Incidence of macular edema development after filtration surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258: 1343-1345 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04624-9.
• 29 Netland PA, Sarkisian SR, Moster MR. et al. Randomized, Prospective, Comparative Trial of EX-PRESS Glaucoma Filtration Device versus Trabeculectomy (XVT Study). Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157: 433-440.e3 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.09.014.
• 30 Gedde SJ, Herndon LW, Brandt JD. et al. Postoperative Complications in the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy (TVT) Study During Five Years of Follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153: 804-814.e1 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.10.024.
• 31 Budenz DL, Barton K, Feuer WJ. et al. Treatment Outcomes in the Ahmed Baerveldt Comparison Study after 1 Year of Follow-up. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 443-452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.07.016.
• 32 Barton K, Feuer WJ, Budenz DL. et al. Three-year Treatment Outcomes in the Ahmed Baerveldt Comparison Study. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 1547-1557.e1 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.036.
• 33 Erokhina M, Szurman P, Dimopoulos S. et al. Postoperative cystoid macular oedema after non‐penetrating glaucoma surgery. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99: e1534-e1535 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14779.
• 34 Abbas A, Agrawal P, King AJ. Exploring literature-based definitions of hypotony following glaucoma filtration surgery and the impact on clinical outcomes. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 96: e285-e289 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13601.
• 35 Schubert HD. Postsurgical hypotony: relationship to fistulization, inflammation, chorioretinal lesions, and the vitreous. Surv Ophthalmol 1996; 41: 97-125 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(96)80001-4.
• 36 Fannin LA, Schiffman JC, Budenz DL. Risk factors for hypotony maculopathy. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1185-1191 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(03)00227-6.
• 37 Thomas M, Vajaranant TS, Aref AA. Hypotony Maculopathy: Clinical Presentation and Therapeutic Methods. Ophthalmol Ther 2015; 4: 79-88 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-015-0037-z.
• 38 Costa VP, Arcieri ES. Hypotony maculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2007; 85: 586-597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00910.x.
• 39 Mégevand GS, Salmon JF, Scholtz RP. et al. The Effect of Reducing the Exposure Time of Mitomycin C in Glaucoma Filtering Surgery. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 84-90 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)31049-4.
• 40 Akarsu C, Onol M, Hasanreisoglu B. Postoperative 5-fluorouracil versus intraoperative mitomycin C in high-risk glaucoma filtering surgery: extended follow up. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003; 31: 199-205 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2003.00645.x.
• 41 Shields MB, Scroggs MW, Sloop CM. et al. Clinical and Histopathologic Observations Concerning Hypotony After Trabeculectomy with Adjunctive Mitomycin C. Am J Ophthalmol 1993; 116: 673-683 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73465-8.
• 42 Bitrian E, Song BJ, Caprioli J. Bleb Revision for Resolution of Hypotony Maculopathy Following Primary Trabeculectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 158: 597-604.e1 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.05.021.
• 43 Zacharia PT, Schuman JS. Combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997; 28: 739-744 DOI: 10.3928/1542-8877-19970901-09.
• 44 Nuyts RM, Felten PC, Pels E. et al. Histopathologic effects of mitomycin C after trabeculectomy in human glaucomatous eyes with persistent hypotony. Am J Ophthalmol 1994; 118: 225-237 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72903-4.
• 45 Sihota R, Dada T, Gupta DS. et al. Conjunctival Dysfunction and Mitomycin C-Induced Hypotony. J Glaucoma 2000; 9: 392-397 DOI: 10.1097/00061198-200010000-00008.
• 46 Sahoo NK, Balijepalli P, Singh SR. et al. Retina and glaucoma: surgical complications. Int J Retina Vitreous 2018; 4: 29 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-018-0135-x.
• 47 Dellaporta A. [Creasing of retina in hypotonia]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd Augenarztl Fortbild 1954; 125: 672-678
• 48 Kokame GT, de Leon MD, Tanji T. Serous retinal detachment and cystoid macular edema in hypotony maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 131: 384-386 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00794-7.
• 49 Sakamoto M, Matsumoto Y, Mori S. et al. Excessive scleral shrinkage, rather than choroidal thickening, is a major contributor to the development of hypotony maculopathy after trabeculectomy. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0191862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191862.
• 50 Shimokawa S, Nakao S, Murakami Y. et al. Serous retinal detachment accompanied by pachychoroid in hypotony maculopathy after trabeculectomy for diabetic neovascular glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2020; 18: 100682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100682.
• 51 Sen S, Parija S, Nayak B. Hypotony maculopathy: a surgeonʼs nightmare. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12: e231272 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231272.
• 52 Kao ST, Lee SH, Chen YC. Late-onset Hypotony Maculopathy After Trabeculectomy in a Highly Myopic Patient With Juvenile Open-angle Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2017; 26: e137-e141 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000485.
• 53 Harper AR, Summers JA. The dynamic sclera: Extracellular matrix remodeling in normal ocular growth and myopia development. Exp Eye Res 2015; 133: 100-111 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.015.
• 54 Gass J. Hypotony Maculophthy. In: Bellows J. ed. Contempory Ophthalmology. Honoring Sir Steward Duke-Elder. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1972: 343-366
• 55 Matsumoto Y, Fujihara M, Kanamori A. et al. Effect of axial length reduction after trabeculectomy on the development of hypotony maculopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2014; 58: 267-275 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-014-0312-x.
• 56 Vijaya L, Manish P, Ronnie G. et al. Management of complications in glaucoma surgery. Indian J Ophthalmol 2011; 59 (Suppl. 01) S131-S140 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.73689.
• 57 Smith MF, Magauran RG, Betchkal J. et al. Treatment of Postfiltration Bleb Leaks with Autologous Blood. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 868-871 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30941-4.
• 58 Leen MM, Moster MR, Katz LJ. et al. Management of overfiltering and leaking blebs with autologous blood injection. Arch Ophthalmol 1995; 113: 1050-1055 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1995.01100080102036.
• 59 Burnstein A, WuDunn D, Ishii Y. et al. Autologous blood injection for late-onset filtering bleb leak. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132: 36-40 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)00873-x.
• 60 Samuelson TW, Liaboe C. Management of hypotony-related maculopathy after combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy: January consultation #1. J Cataract Refract Surg 2021; 47: 130 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000524.
• 61 Rauscher FM, Barton K, Budenz DL. et al. Long-term Outcomes of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Repair of Leaking Glaucoma Filtering Blebs. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143: 1052-1054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.01.016.
• 62 Burnstein AL, WuDunn D, Knotts SL. et al. Conjunctival advancement versus nonincisional treatment for late-onset glaucoma filtering bleb leaks. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 71-75 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00838-7.
• 63 Cohen SM, Flynn jr. HW, Palmberg PF. et al. Treatment of hypotony maculopathy after trabeculectomy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1995; 26: 435-441
• 64 Delgado MF, Daniels S, Pascal S. et al. Hypotony maculopathy: improvement of visual acuity after 7 years. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132: 931-933 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01146-1.
• 65 Abegg M, Dysli M, Wolf S. et al. Microcystic Macular Edema Retrograde Maculopathy Caused by Optic Neuropathy. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 142-149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.045.
• 66 Murata N, Togano T, Miyamoto D. et al. Clinical evaluation of microcystic macular edema in patients with glaucoma. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30: 1502-1508 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.190.
• 67 Burggraaff MC, Trieu J, de Vries-Knoppert WA. et al. The clinical spectrum of microcystic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55: 952-961 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12912.
• 68 Abegg M, Zinkernagel M, Wolf S. Microcystic macular degeneration from optic neuropathy. Brain 2012; 135: e225 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws215.
• 69 Gelfand JM, Green AJ. Reply: microcystic macular degeneration from optic neuropathy and Reply: microcystic macular oedema confirmed, but not specific for multiple sclerosis. Brain 2012; 135: e227 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws218.
• 70 Abegg M, Dysli M, Wolf S. et al. Microcystic Macular Edema Retrograde Maculopathy Caused by Optic Neuropathy. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 142-149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.045.
• 71 Wolff B, Basdekidou C, Vasseur V. et al. Retinal inner nuclear layer microcystic changes in optic nerve atrophy: a novel spectral-domain OCT finding. Retina 2013; 33: 2133-2138 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e31828e68d0.
• 72 Hasegawa T, Akagi T, Yoshikawa M. et al. Microcystic Inner Nuclear Layer Changes and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Defects in Eyes with Glaucoma. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0130175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130175.
• 73 Mahmoudinezhad G, Salazar D, Morales E. et al. Risk factors for microcystic macular oedema in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320137.
• 74 Wen JC, Freedman SF, El-Dairi MA. et al. Microcystic Macular Changes in Primary Open-angle Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2016; 25: 258-262 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000129.
• 75 Barboni P, Carelli V, Savini G. et al. Microcystic macular degeneration from optic neuropathy: not inflammatory, not trans-synaptic degeneration. Brain 2013; 136: e239 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt014.
• 76 Brandt AU, Oberwahrenbrock T, Kadas EM. et al. Dynamic formation of macular microcysts independent of vitreous traction changes. Neurology 2014; 83: 73-77 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000545.