Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2384-7220
Comparison of the Effects of Stirring and Standing on Chemical Reactions
This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21971116, 22371129).
Abstract
For hundreds of years, it seems that people have needed stirring to conduct chemical experiments. This operation can be seen everywhere in chemical, pharmaceutical, and materials laboratories and factories. People generally believe that stirring helps with processes such as material dispersion, dissolution, and collision, thereby enabling more-efficient reactions. However, why do chemical reactions that occur in Nature not require stirring? What are the facts? For this purpose, we investigated a total of 329 organic chemical reactions in eight categories and 25 types, including 26 chemical reactions magnified to gram or even kilogram levels. Under the same conditions of temperature, humidity, pressure, and reaction time, we compared the reaction yields under stirring and standing conditions. More than 600 results showed that stirring or not stirring had almost no effect on the efficiency of chemical reactions in solution. If most chemists performing reactions turned off the agitator, it would not be difficult to imagine how much electricity could be saved!
Supporting Information
- Supporting information for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2384-7220.
- Supporting Information
Publication History
Received: 27 June 2024
Accepted after revision: 12 August 2024
Accepted Manuscript online:
12 August 2024
Article published online:
18 September 2024
© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 Serullas M. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1822; 20: 163
- 2 Borodine A. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1861; 119: 121
- 3 Grignard V. Ann. Chim. Phys., Ser. 7 1901; 24: 433
- 4 Staudinger H, Meyer J. Helv. Chim. Acta 1919; 2: 635
- 5 Diels O, Alder K. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1926; 450: 237
- 6 Oppenauer RV. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1937; 56: 137
- 7 Brown HC, Rao BC. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956; 78: 5694
- 8 Heck RF. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968; 90: 5518
- 9 Corey EJ, Nicolaou KC. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974; 96: 5614
- 10 Hentges SG, Sharpless KB. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980; 102: 4263
- 11 Li G, Chang H.-T, Sharpless KB. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996; 35: 451
- 12 Nagib DA, MacMillan DW. C. Nature 2011; 224: 224
- 13 Zhou S, Zhang Z.-J, Yu J.-Q. Nature 2024; 629: 363
- 14 Pentsak EO, Eremin DB, Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. ACS Catal. 2019; 9: 3070
- 15 Horn EJ, Rosen BR, Chen Y, Tang J, Chen K, Eastgate MD, Baran PS. Nature 2016; 533: 77